Seed preparation
The main goal of any kind of seed preparation for seeding is to ensure timely and friendly shoots, because all further development of plants depends on this. To decontaminate bacteria, fungi,
Seed check for germination
1. Count off a certain number of seeds, for better convenience of counting it is better to take 100.
2. Lay the seeds between two layers of wet wipes or filter paper and leave the
indoors at 20 - 25 ° C.3. If at least half of the seeds yield seedlings, the seed can be considered suitable for the use of
viruses and other pathogens that may be present on the surface or within the seed, and the method of etching, , which can be dryand wet. To do this, use special chemical preparations-disinfectants. With dry pickling, they are simply mixed thoroughly with the seeds in a tin can with a lid, using it as a drum, or simply in a pouch of dense tissue. In wet dressing, a solution is prepared from a dry preparation in accordance with the instructions and seeds are placed in it for 30 minutes, after which the dressing compound is drained and the seeds are dried well. Wet etching is a more laborious process compared to dry. However, this method has a significant advantage when wet dressing seeds swell, which further accelerates their germination.
Seed germination process
To move into growth, the seed needs water, oxygen and a suitable temperature. Most seeds germinate at a temperature of 18-2.1 ° C.As soon as the seed is provided with everything necessary, it comes out of the state of rest and begins its development. When germinating, the cotyledons contained in the seed grow larger, pushing the seed peel apart. Sometimes the seed peel is so dense, strong and impermeable that to accelerate the germination of the seed, it is necessary to damage it to ensure access of moisture inside the seed. Cotyledons, breaking through the skin of the seed, begin to develop and grow. Different plants have this process in different ways. With underground germination cotyledons remain in the ground, with above-ground germination they are carried outward above the surface of the earth. As the plant develops and the real leaves appear, the cotyledons cringe and die. The first root, formed from the seed, is called the primary root and appears before the first shoot with cotyledons. As the shoots develop, they have the first real leaflets that do not look like cotyledons and usually have a completely different shape. Gradually, the overground part and the root system of a young plant form.
To accelerate the germination of seeds and shorten the period of initial growth, is used for maculation. Seed seed peel is a good absorbent, it absorbs the water necessary for germination of the seed. Sometimes the seed skin is too dense and impenetrable, and to accelerate germination, it is necessary either to break it to ensure the inflow of moisture to the seed, or to stimulate the seeds to germinate by prolonged soaking. This method is especially effective for seeds with dense seed skin and delayed germination, since it makes it possible to significantly accelerate the emergence of shoots and the entry of plants into the stage of active growth. During soaking, the seed peel absorbs moisture and seeds swell, which facilitates the separation of the shell, and in them all processes that cause growth energy are activated. The water temperature for soaking should not exceed 25 ° C.Water should be changed, gently draining, at least twice a day. The total time for soaking seeds differs depending on the type of crop. After the end of the soaking period, the water should be drained and the seeds should immediately be placed in moist soil without drying.
Soaking time for different crops
Peas, beans, lettuce / kinds 4-6 hours
Cabbage, cucumber, zucchini, melon 15-20 hours
Flowers / types 12-24 hours
Tomato, pepper, aubergine 24-48 hours
Carrots, parsley, celery up to 72 hours
Germination of seeds as well as soaking, allows shortening the period of initial growth. In addition, the seeds have a different degree of germination, heterogeneous even within the seeds of a single crop, so it is obvious that not all seeded seeds will germinate. Because of this, in the ground, as a rule, a deliberately overestimated number of seeds is sown, and then excess shoots are thinned out. But it is much more economical and practical to to germinate seeds before they enter the soil. This procedure for preparing the seed is carried out in a room with a certain constant level of humidity at a temperature of no higher than 25 ° C.For this, a capacious container is covered with a natural cloth, preferably cotton, moistens it abundantly and seeds are poured onto the surface of the tissue. Top cover with another layer of damp cloth and constantly monitor that it does not dry out during the entire germination period. This is the main condition for obtaining strong sprouts, extremely sensitive to moisture fluctuations. Seeds begin to germinate in 2-5 days. After two thirds of the seeds give sprouts, they are planted in moist soil. There are other ways of preseeding seed preparation, stimulating them for accelerated and simultaneous germination: heating - bringing the seeds to a certain temperature for the stipulated period of time, cooling - cooling the seeds to a certain temperature for a specified period of time, dragee - seed coating with a nutrient mixture that creates a protective shell of the seed, increases its size, gives a rounded shape. Later, after planting in moist soil, the shell begins to dissolve and stimulates the germination of the seeds.
An effective and affordable means of seed dressing is the treatment with a very strong solution of potassium permanganate. A good disinfecting effect is also provided by ash infusion, prepared at the rate of 1 tbsp.l.wood ash per 1 liter of water. Seeds are immersed in infusion to a depth of no more than 2 cm, since the surface layer is most saturated with oxygen.
The most universal disinfectants and seed dressings are topsin M and 80 % TMTD.The optimal dosage of these preparations is calculated from the ratio of 0.5 g of the preparation per 100 g of seeds.
Sowing seeds in open ground
Sowing in open ground is suitable for those crops that do not need pre-growing seedlings, do not tolerate transplants and can be immediately placed on a permanently assigned site for them. The timing of sowing is determined depending on the requirements of a particular crop type, as well as on the basis of local climatic conditions. A number of crops can be sown under the winter, so that in the spring they immediately began to grow. Still, in most cases, the sowing is carried out in the spring, and for the seeds of crops resistant to cold, the sowing can be performed immediately after the spring tillage, the more susceptible crops should be sown when the danger of the last spring frosts passes. The depth of the in the soil depends primarily on the size of the seeds. Seeds should be covered with earth just enough so that they have enough sunlight, heat and moisture. In addition, the strength of the sprout should be enough to pass through the layer of earth to the surface of the soil. Usually the depth of the seal is calculated from the following calculation: the thickness of the earth's layer should be two diameters of the seed, this is enough to provide the seed with moisture and solar heat, and the energy of the germ is enough to break through to the surface.
Depending on the soil structure, the depth of seeding varies. The depth calculation based on the seed diameter is justified on average normal soils. On light dry soils, the seeds are embedded deeper, on heavy and damp soils - smaller. The sowing time also affects the depth of seeding. In the spring, when the arable layer is impregnated with thawed water, it is possible to sow smaller, in summer the seeds should be embedded deeper, so that they fall into the moist layer, since the soil surface has already dried.
Sowing in open ground is done manually. Very small crop seeds are recommended to mix with dry fine sand and sow from the bottle so that they are evenly distributed over the crop area. When sowing slowly germinating seeds, it is desirable to combine them with planting plant-markers, that is, kulmur seeds, which quickly give seedlings. Sprouted much earlier seeds clearly indicate the area of crops and will allow for weeding in the inter-rows.
There are two main ways of seed sowing in the soil: in rows and .Ordinary sowing of in open ground is the most common way of placing plants on a bed. To do this, on the prepared and moistened surface of the garden beds are marked rows and shallow furrows with the help of a cord stretched on pegs. Along the cord lead a hoe or grabber blade to form a furrow, and deepen it from the calculation of the requirements of the crops to the depth of seeding. The seeds of the resulting furrow are sown with a thin layer, trying to distribute them evenly, and the row is covered with a thin layer of earth with the help of rakes.
Ordinary seeding
Along the i
of the cord stretched to the pegs is carried out by the hoe blade, making an even cone-shaped
groove. Seeds of
are sown to the bottom of the groove and seeded with a layer of ground.
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seeds uniformly
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The spacing between the rows may vary depending on the featuresecond crops.
In the ordinary sowing row can be marked with twine and along it to make shallow grooves, using a peg or hoe. The depth of the groove depends on the size of the seeds.
Injection sows seeds on lawns, flower lawns, sowing annual flowers and vegetable crops for the purpose of their subsequent transplantation. When sowing, scatter the razor in the chosen direction, making grooves with a depth of 1.5-2 cm, then spread the seeds over the surface. After seeding, the seeds are carefully covered, guiding the rake perpendicular to the grooves made.
/. For sowing in the open ground, the soil is prepared from autumn: rough dig, apply the necessary fertilizers and mulch its surface with foliage or immature compost.
2. In spring, the soil must be loosely loosened in order to retain soil moisture, and to apply mineral fertilizers.
3. Allow soil to settle for 5-7 days and immediately before sowing shallowly rake the surface with rake.
4. Any instrument to do in the surface of the soil shallow furrows, the distance between which depends on the type of crop sown.
5 - Evenly distribute the seeds at the bottom of the groove, trying not to thicken the sowing too much, if the seeds are large, they can be placed in grooves at the distance necessary for a given crop.
6. After that, fill the seeds with earth and lightly crush it. This operation is conveniently done by the back side of the rake.
7. Finally, carefully water the crops and ensure that the soil remains moist during the germination period. To water it is recommended from a watering-can or a hose with a fine sprayer, so as not to wash out the seeds of
Another way of placing seeds on the soil surface is nesting.
Many consider it more economical compared to the ordinary, but it is suitable for certain types of crops. The nesting method is usually planted with plants that require considerable space during vegetation: beans, peas, beans, zucchini and cucumbers. To do this, on the prepared surface of the beds, at an equal distance from each other, make indentations into which several seeds are laid, they are covered with earth and compacted slightly. After the shoots appear, excess plants in the nest are removed. When sowing in open ground, the thorough preparation of the soil is of great importance. This is beginning to be dealt with in the fall, when they make digging and fertilizing the soil. In spring, the soil is loosened, thus destroying the capillaries in order to preserve the moisture obtained by the soil from melting snow, and introduce mineral fertilizers. It is very important to remember that before sowing it is necessary to let the soil settle so that the hair capillaries in the soil are restored, which supply the plant roots with moisture. Immediately before sowing the soil should once again loosen the rake to a depth of no more than 2-3 cm.