Kidney failure: its shape, manifestation and stage of development
Kidney deficiency is a disease characterized by impaired renal regulation of homeostasis in the body, accompanied by partial or complete disturbance of urinary retention.
Acute form of renal insufficiency
Acute kidney failure develops unexpectedly after acute damage to the renal parenchyma. It is characterized by a sharp decline in the volume of urine being separated up to its complete absence. Symptoms of acute kidney failure include: insufficient urine output, complete absence of urine.
In this case, the patient's condition noticeably worsens, nausea with vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite. The edema of the hands and feet also develops, and the liver increases in size. The patient becomes somewhat inhibited or agitated.
In the clinical picture of acute kidney failure, several stages are distinguished:
- The initial stage - the symptoms depend directly on the cause that triggered the disease. This stage lasts from the moment of the influence of the cause to the appearance of the first signs of damage to the kidneys.
- Oligoinuric - the main symptom at this stage is the development of oliguria or complete absence of urine. The patient's condition is greatly deteriorating, in the blood there is an active accumulation of urea and other metabolic products that contribute to self-poisoning of the body. This process is manifested by drowsiness, diarrhea, increased blood pressure, swelling on the body, anemia.
- Recovery stage.
- Stage of recovery - an anatomical and functional restoration of the kidneys to the initial indices occurs.
Chronic form of renal failure
Chronic kidney failure is a gradual deterioration in the functioning of the kidneys until its complete cessation, triggered by the gradual death of the parenchyma due to chronic organ damage. Thus, the parenchyma is replaced with time by a connective tissue and causes wrinkling of the organ.
The main causes of chronic pathology are chronic pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis,
. The four stages of development of kidney failure in chronic form are classified:
- Latent stage - it is characterized by no complaints, only fatigue during exercise, fatigue and dryness may occurin the oral cavity.
- Compensated stage - patients' complaints remain the same, but manifest much more often. This is complemented by an increase in the volume of urine output up to 2.5 liters a day. Also biochemical indicators of urine and blood tests change.
- Intermittent stage - the work of the kidneys at this stage is even worse and there is an increase in the concentration of nitrogen metabolism products in the blood, the concentration of urea and creatinine increases. Appetite greatly deteriorates, an unpleasant aftertaste is noted in the mouth, and the skin becomes yellowish, it becomes dry. Muscles lose their tone, they can slightly twitch, there is a trembling of the hands and fingers.
- Terminal stage - it is characterized by emotional instability, when apathy is replaced by excitement, night sleep is disturbed, inhibition and inadequate behavior are manifested. The face swells, takes a grayish-yellow hue, develops a skin itch, which provokes scratching. Sometimes there is a decrease in body temperature, there is no appetite. The voice becomes hoarse, an ammonia smell is felt from the mouth. The filtration capacity of the kidneys becomes minimal. The patient may not notice changes in the condition for several years, but. Despite this, the volume of creatinine, urea, uric acid increases, the electrolyte balance of blood is disturbed. The above disorders contribute to uremic intoxication, and the volume of urine to be separated decreases until the release stops completely.