Sideral plants

lupine, nasturtium, horse beans, field pea, alfalfa, rapeseed, vetch, white mustard, buckwheat, phacelia, various clover species, multi-horned ryegrass, annual and Italian ryegrass, seradella, olive radish.

A particularly valuable result of sideration at the stage of growing crops is a favorable change in the dynamics of turnover of nutrients in the soil. Sederal plants produce a significant amount of nutrient from the soil and air-

of the root of the root system of the sideral plants 70 days after planting: and - field pea;b - seradella;in the - wiki;the yellow lupine; - blue narrow-leaved lupine

The butterfly( legume) plants have the ability to accumulate and retain nitrogen in special nodules on the branches of the root system. Thus, these plants retain nitrogen in the soil, and this is their main importance as a green fertilizer.

On the right - the structure of a nitrogen-storing nodule in a section of

that accumulates in its tissues. Types of plants with a strong and deeply penetrating root system have a high ability to develop root-standing soil and the ability to use nutrient minerals from the lower layers of soil that have been moved or washed with water. The root system of plants mobilizes these nutrients, and they again become available to the plant. Due to the exchange of substances and the subsequent return of the organic mass and nutrients to the soil through the green mass of the sideral plants, mineral substances are transferred from the lower soil layers to the upper arable layer. Special mention should be made of the unique qualities of the saplings of the butterfly family, which have the ability to bind and accumulate nitrogen due to the symbiosis of nodule bacteria( Rhizobium leguminosarum) with the roots of these plants. Through thin root hairs, bacteria penetrate into the root of the plant and induce it to grow nodules that are clearly visible in the form of balls on the root of the excavated plant. The plant develops nodules as a place for the protection of bacteria in this symbiotic life community and supplies them with everything necessary for obtaining energy. Nodule bacteria in turn can bind nitrogen from the air and provide it to the plant. Thus, nodules on the roots of butterfly plants serve as a place for accumulation and accumulation of nitrogen. Nitrogen in the composition of organic compounds in nodules during the decomposition of the organic mass becomes available to subsequent crops. The above property makes the butterfly plants a valuable nitrogen fertilizer already at the stage of their cultivation.

Following the cultivation of the crops, the stage of sideration - is the embedding of the green mass of the siderol plants into the soil. The results of this agrotechnical technique are the second direction of the beneficial effect of sideration on the soil. At this stage, the aerial parts of plants mow, but the roots are left in the ground, providing a combination of soil animals and organisms with food and thereby stimulating the development of soil fauna. The roots of plants, due to improved soil ventilation, decompose quickly and evenly, returning nutrients to the soil in a form accessible to plants and enriching it with nitrogen. Overground parts of sideral plants as a mulching layer or embedded in the soil significantly enrich the soil with organic matter.

When sowing silter crops into the soil, you can do without grinding plants if you cut them young before the appearance of stiff fibrous stalks. But the fertilizing effect in this case will be less intense, since it is in the mature parts of plants that the highest content of nitrogen and protein compounds,

The non-fading green mass of sideral plants, rich in protein, rapidly decomposes in the soil, creating a light and nutritious humus and instantly activating the activity of soil microorganisms that use carbon to feed energy and nitrogen for the structure of the protein of their own body. In addition, at the stage of rapid decomposition of the organic mass, nitrogen losses are minimal. The influx of easily decomposable organic matter significantly increases the biological activity of soils, which in turn leads to better assimilation of nutrients by plants and causes their favorable dynamics. Due to the organic acids released by the decomposition of the green mass, the mineral substances in the compound compounds dissolve and become available to the plants. This is important for the balance of nutrients and especially for the level of phosphorus in the soil. Significant is also the relationship between sideration and soil acidity level due to the changing balance of lime. When decomposing the green mass of sideral plants in the process of humification in the soil, the content of carbon dioxide rises. With a large accumulation of it, it becomes necessary to neutralize by means of liming, the norm of which is established depending on the changed degree of acidity of the soil. Liming

in this case helps to increase the pH value, which favors the assimilation of nutrients by plants and creates conditions for the full vital activity of microorganisms that decompose plant matter in the soil. The sideration is also a kind of energy fixed by the plants, that is, the plant mass remains and decomposes directly on the site of its growth, giving energy and nutrients to the subsequent crops in the crop rotation. Soil for the cultivation of sideral plants in the garden is also prepared carefully, as for any other basic crops. The smaller the seeds, the more loosened must be the soil. When sowing crops, it is necessary to choose the right amount of seeds per unit area in order to maintain mass density and density of plantations on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to leave space sufficient for normal development and growth of plants. It is important to take into account the depth of seeding according to the principle that is valid for all cultures: the seeds are covered with a layer of earth equal to the thickness of the three sown seeds; on light soils, the seeds are embedded a little deeper, and on heavy soils - smaller. Sederal plantations need sufficient watering to develop a rich green mass. Mustard, rapeseed, olive radish, phacelia give a good harvest after 6 weeks, and lupine - after 2.5-3 months. To reasonably fill the intervals between sowing and harvesting, it is advisable to sow not one but a mixture of crops with different growth periods and maturation periods.

The ratio of the amount of humus-forming materials

To compensate for losses of humus on intensively-enclosed garden lands, it is required annually: manure 2.5-3 kg / m2 or sideral plants 7-8 kg / m2.

After mowing and grinding, the green mass of the plants should be allowed to fade and dry a little and only then work it into the soil. It is not necessary to seal the green mass deeply, since the decomposition of the plant mass largely depends on the degree of oxygen access. This is especially true of heavy soils, on which it is recommended that the green mass of plants be not deeply worked to avoid stagnant rotting processes of the plant mass. High plants with a coarse stalk should be especially carefully made from . The main types of sideral crops for the garden are

Plant name	Planting time	Depth Seed fixing( cm)	Green mass ( kg / m2)
Lupine yellow	April-July	3-5	3-4,5
Lupine white	April-July	3-5	3-4
Lupine blue	April-July	3-5	2-4
perennial
Fodder / horse beans	March-July	5-8	approx. 4
Clover white	end March-July	1-2	2,5-3
Vic	April-July	4-6	2-2,5
Field peas	April-July	4-6	2-3
Summer rape	June-August	0,3	3-5
		!
Mustard	end of March- September	0,5-1	3-5
Phacelia	end March-August	1-2	3-5

Special characteristics

Long growing season, suitable for sandy soils, tolerates increased soil acidity,to mow better juicy before the emergence of fibrous tissue, non-frost-resistant Sufficiently whimsical to growing conditions, successfully develops in a warm mild climate, requires pre-cultivated loamy soils with a neutral acidity level, is demandingdegree of water supply, non-frost-resistant Of all types of lupines has the most developed core rod system, suitable for slightly acidic loamy and sandy soils, relatively frost-resistant

Used as a precursor crop for tomatoes and cucumbers, in the ordinary sowing of these crops can remain in the aisles as protection against wind, can grow on heavy non-acidic soils, enrich the soil with nitrogen, are non-frost-resistant. It is unpretentious, suitable for almost all soil types, has a shallow root system, which connects the surface layer of the soil, the creeping shoots serve as a cover layer, frost-resistant. It is unpretentious, has a developed core root system penetrating deeply into the soil andinterlacing the upper arable layer with a mass of thin accessory roots, drought-resistant, undemanding to soil type, but it develops better on medium-weakly acidic soils, it is recommended for sowing mixed with ryegrass and clover, rather frost-resistant. It is cultivated only in mixed crops, because of the fragile stems needsin supporting plants, for example, forage beans, has a shallow root system, is very sensitive to a lack of moisture, prefers medium to light soils with a close to neutral acid reaction,emorozoustoychiv green mass contains a lot of protein, quite unpretentious to the soil type, resistant to temporary lack of moisture, crop is juicy, not allowing them to grow and acquire fibrous nemorozoustoychiv. Attention! Cautious for subsequent planting of cruciferous plants: there is a danger of infection with cabbage killer. Sowing can be carried out without seeding deeply, it is important that the soil is well moistened at the germination stage, sprouts very rapidly, within 1 to 1.5 weeks forms dense plantcover, especially suitable for intermediate and late crops, unpretentious to the type of soil, well tolerates a lack of moisture, deters snails from plantations of cultivated plants, so it can land inis not resistant to frost. Seeds of phacelia are sensitive to light, therefore, when sowing, they must be embedded in the soil or sprinkled with a layer of earth, later unpretentious to the degree of sunlight and soil type, resistant to lack of moisture, deciduous massvery delicate and abundant, has a shallow dense root system, leaves behind a well cultivated arable layer of soil, fine honey, recommended early planting as afeed for bees, used for intermediate and late sowing, non-frost-resistant

Ciderates as a prior culture

Sowing is carried out in the spring before growing a crop in this area in order to improve the quality of the soil and increase the nutrients content in it.1. Prepared from the fall of the ground to loosen forks or rakes and sow sideral culture.

2. Cut the plants before flowering and smell into the ground.

3. Add necessary organic and mineral fertilizers to the soil, if necessary, to accelerate the decomposition of the green mass.

4. It is possible to plant any

crops on the fertilizer-fertilized area to increase thus the area of ​​capture of material for soil microorganisms. In the garden area, sideration serves to fill the intervals in time and space of the site. Sederal cultures should be grown in repeated crops and after harvesting of early crops on those sites that will not be used before winter. If you sow from the end of June to early August, sidereal plants will be in time before the onset of colds to grow and give the required amount of green mass. Cultivation of sideral cultures in adjacent rows between cultivated plants for their stimulation has also proved to be well established. It is recommended to plant nasturtium next to potatoes and tomatoes, chamomile in combination with onions, mustard - with potatoes. There is a positive experience of undercropping and growing of subcultivated sideral plants under highly growing vegetable and fruit crops, such as, for example, tomatoes, sugar corn, raspberries and others.

Gardening is especially important for gardening with sidereal plants in the trunks of fruit trees that obscure the soil and retain moisture, partly acting as a mulching cover, and at the same time protect against pathogens and pests. So, nasturtium planted in the trunk circle discourages the bloody aphid, and the marigolds are fighting nematodes and bloody aphids. These annual plants are allowed to flow and sow on the site of growth, then mow down, grind and leave the plant mass on the surface of the prichial circle for the winter. Certainly, the possibility of sideration in the process of recovery and accumulation of humus

is ideal for the subsequent culture of

. Sowing is carried out after harvesting as a measure for autumn soil cultivation.

1. Ground the forks or rakes of the and with a siderum culture.

2. Plants leave in winter, you can cover

from above with a layer of straw or unripe compost to enhance the fertilizing effect.

3. After the drying of the land in the spring, smell the overripe remains of plants.

4. The earth is loosened, necessary fertilizers and additives are introduced and the planned

cultures of the soil are planted, so the best way to solve this problem is to combine sideration with soil and other organic materials and fertilizers. For example, according to the slanting green mass of sideral plants, it is possible to add pulverized silica or add chopped straw, crushed bark of trees, litter of manure.

Due to the exchange of substances and the subsequent return of organic matter and nutrients to the soil through the green mass of sideral plants, mineral substances are transferred from the lower layers of soil to the upper arable layer. Thus, sideral plants not only exclude loss of nutrients in deep soil layers, but also turn them into high-quality biological forms.