Characteristics of apple varieties

lime for 1 mg once every 5-6 years. Organic, phosphoric, potash fertilizers are brought in autumn after harvesting, nitrogenous - at the beginning of vegetation, immediately after the snow. However, 1/3 of their norm should be introduced in September-October, after the leaves fall before the second wave of growth of active roots.

Fertilizers are filled with soil digging, the depth of which is about 8-10 cm near the tree, and further along the periphery of the crown projection - up to 15-20 cm. The main digging of the soil together with fertilization is done in autumn after the fall of the fall. In spring, the soil should be loosened to a shallower depth. During the summer, the truncate circles loosen as weeds appear and crusts form on the soil. After spring loosening, the soil is mulched with manure, humus or peat with a layer of 6-8 cm. Mulching reduces the amount of

Year	Diameter	Area
after	Adjoining	Adjoining
Landing	Circle, m	Circle, yfi
2	2	3
3-4	2,5	5
5-6	7-8
9-10	4,5	16

9-10

4,5

16

Dung or	Ammonia	Superphos-	Chloride
compost,	saltpeter,	simple VAP,	potassium,
kg	g	g	g
10-15	70	200	60
15-20	150	250	120
20-30	210	345	170
30-40	280	420	230
50-60	280	500	320

weeds, improves the thermal regime of the soil. In autumn, the mulching material is embedded in the soil during digging. To the heat of the apple tree is less demanding than other fruit plants, but it is demanding for light and water( on demanding water takes second place after the plum).

Irrigation in the middle zone is carried out taking into account the falling rain, soil moisture in the following terms: the first watering - during flowering, the second - until the fall of the ovary, the third - 2-3 weeks before the ripening of fruits of summer varieties and the last watering - in September-October( during the autumn growth of roots).

Watering rates depend on the humidity and quality of the soil. Thus, approximate irrigation rates per 1 m2: for sandy loamy soils - 4-5 buckets, light loamy - 5-6, loamy - 6-7, for clay soils - 8-9 buckets. Pests and diseases of apple trees and methods for controlling them are described in the section Pests and diseases of fruit and berry crops.

Pollination: the apple tree is self-fertile, that is, it does not bind fruits when pollinated by pollen of the same variety. Therefore, when planting a garden, there must be 1-2 varieties of pollinators.

Pruning: after-planting pruning is very important for the formation of the tree crown. The first pruning of apple trees is carried out in spring after planting. When the apples are after planting, the competing shoots of the central conductor are cut out, the central conductor of the

varieties with the pyramidal crown leaves 20-25 cm above the ends of the skeletal branches, and leaves 10-15 cm above the skeletal branches in varieties with a spreading crown. The long skeletal branches are shortened by 1/3, the branches that do not enter the skeleton are bent back to the drooping position.

Annual forming pruning. To annual pruning, the main task of which is the formation of the crown, begin one year after the post-planting pruning. The crown of apple trees on high-growth rootstocks is formed more often by a sparse-tiered system. Skeletal branches are placed one at a time or in pairs with tiers. At a tree stem height up to 70 cm, a crown of 5-6 branches of the first order is formed, their placement on the stem may be different. The central conductor is cut at a distance of 40 cm above the last lateral branch of the skeletal branch. Very important tasks of shaping trimming are balancing branches in the power of development and subordination to their central conductor. Thickening branches and branches that grow inside the crown and violate tieredness must be cut out.

The oily cutting trimming of an adult fruit tree is aimed at maintaining the intensity of tree growth, restoring the shoot-forming ability and reducing the number of excess fertile branches if necessary. Rejuvenating pruning is subjected to all skeletal and semi-skeletal branches. When rejuvenating pruning, shortening of perennial branches occurs to 3-5 year old parts. The reaction of an adult tree to rejuvenating pruning is maintained for 3 years, after which it must be repeated.

Forming pruning of apple trees When forming the crown, apple trees, starting from the second year after planting, it is necessary to cut

, it is necessary to cut

onto the ring, competing shoot of the central conductor, leave only the necessary number of skeletal branches, cut out the growing

inside the crowns of shoots and shorten the skeletal branches.shortening of skeletal branches to be guided by the weakest of them.

Rejuvenating pruning of the crown of an adult fruit-bearing apple tree

1 .Cutting branches to reduce the crown.

2. Shortening of branches emerging from the growth zone

3. Cutting branches to reduce the crown and clarify the center of the crown.

4. Cutting branches for clarifying the crown.

5. Cutting out wolf shoots.

6. Thinning of thickening and shrinking branches.

7. Thinning of thickening branches.

8. Shortening of semi-skeletal branches.

9. Cutting of the hanging branches

Apple cordon

The small apple forms on slaboroslyh, or dwarfish, rootstocks are often grown in the form of

1. To shoot on the branches did not grow too crowded

and did not form whorls, old thick spurts should be cut.

2. On the branch leave the necessary number of young, well-formed shportsev so that they were spacious and they could develop the

cordon, directing the growth of the tree on the wire frame

Good results are obtained by the method of shortening pruning of annual branches of young apple trees on the spine, , that is, leaving a spine up to 2 cm long. Spines serve as a reliable protection of the kidney, to which shortening is carried out, protecting it from drying out. This method is very rational and allows you to simplify and speed up the trimming process.

Thinning of shports

1. If the spur on the apple tree branches grow too thickly, densely, tightly, they must be thinned, removing first and foremost the weak and old overgrown ones. The spines are usually removed from the underside of the branch.

2. When thinning a number of spurts is removed,

, which means that the tree will bear fruit less abundantly, but it will give larger and qualitative fruits. If the spur is not thinned, the tree does not have enough strength to ensure the qualitative development of all the resulting fruits.

Harvest: , summer apples are removed when the peel is colored - the green color turns yellow-white, the fruits are fragrant and easily separated from the twigs. Summer fruits fall from the tree even when the seeds are still white. Early cleaning contributes to better storage of fruits, and fruits fully ripened on the tree are kept very short. Autumn apples begin to clean when the seeds turn brown. The fruit that remains on the tree, the shelf life is extended. And finally, winter apples. They are removed very late, as long as possible leaving on the tree.

Usage: apples are consumed fresh, used for compotes, jam, jam, jelly, marmalade, juice and various preserves. Of great importance are the salts of apple and citric acids, which in the human body participate in the structure of tissues and improve metabolism, have an alkaline reaction and neutralize acidic products. This property takes on a special role in diabetes mellitus. Potassium salts, found in apples, also have a positive effect on the body. Actually, potassium contributes to the secretion of bile and urine.