Types of shoots and kidneys

During its life cycle, the fruit tree forms various types of shoots and

Species of the fruit shoots of the

1. Kopietso.

2. Fruit bag.3 The

whorl of the kidneys, and it is important to know their role in tree development in order to be able to regulate their growth and influence the interdependent processes associated with their development.

As already mentioned, the core of the skeletal structure of the crown is the central conductor, which is the continuation of the stem, and the skeletal branches or branches. From the skeletal branches develops overgrowing branches, which represent small branches of tree shoots. New overgrown branches develop every year, and often annual branches, especially long branches, are mistakenly called shoots. It is necessary to distinguish between these two terms: the growth of the current year is considered to be a runaway, which in essence remains a runaway while it bears foliage. As soon as in the autumn already enough lignified shoot shoots down foliage, it passes into the category of branches. Fouling branches are divided into

vegetative, or growth, and generative, or fruit.

The vegetative shoots of provide an increase in the total weight and dimensions of the tree and differ in the origin and functions performed by them in the crown. Of the apical buds shoots of the continuation of of the main or overgrown branches grow, they are also called increments, as they increase the length annually and thereby replenish the volume of the tree crown.

If the terminal kidney dissolves in the year of its formation, a young shoot grows from it, called summer growth. Such growth is very gentle, susceptible to frosts and therefore undesirable. One or two kidneys located below the apical,

give branches-competitors. They got their name because they are competing for the leading position with legitimate branches of continuation due to the strength of growth and placement. Below are the lateral branches that grow respectively from the lateral buds. If the lateral branches are directed inside the crown, it means that they developed from the internal kidneys and, therefore, are internal. Outward buds develop outward branches and bear the name of the outer branches respectively. It is important to distinguish them to determine the location and orientation of the branch, near which a cut will be made when forming the crown or pruning.

Vegetative shoots

Vegetative shoots are shoots without generative organs, consisting of an axis, leaves and kidneys. They can be apical and lateral, shortened and elongated. Extended elongated vegetative shoots are often called growth shoots. In fruit growing to vegetative shoots, shoots of continuation, competing, regenerative, wolf and root shoots are considered to be shoots.

Vegetative shoots differ from generative lengths of growth and length. In some fruit crops, such as apple, pear, plum, etc., these differences are clearly expressed, in others - less noticeable. After the leaves fall, the vegetative shoots, depending on the type of kidneys laid on them, turn into various vegetative and generative branches.

A special position among the vegetative branches is occupied by tops, or water shoots, which are also often called fatty shoots.

Thin, strong, vertically growing young shoots with large internodes are formed by the in the thick tree crest experiencing a light deficit. As a rule, they appear on the perennial parts of large branches from the sleeping one, which for years has not budged in the growth of the kidney. Factors that stimulate the formation of tops may be aging of the tree, freezing or damage to the above part of the branch. Because of poor illumination, the tops become useless and can lay the flower bud only if the conditions of their development inside the crown improve, so it is recommended to remove these branches.

Thrust shoots

Volchkovye shoots( tops, fat or water shoots) develop from a sleeping kidney. They are usually formed on old parts of perennial branches or on a tree trunk with its natural aging. The process of formation of spinning shoots can be caused by the freezing of a tree, its mechanical damage as a result of improper cutting, hail, wind, etc. Volchkovye shoots are characterized by intensive, protracted, clearly expressed vertical growth, elongated interstices, shadow type of leaves located inside the crown, as well as increased water cut and looseness of tissues.

Often a branch of a tree from the ground has branches that grow from the roots. This so-called root shoot, is extremely undesirable for wood, as it is forced to spend additional forces, moisture, nutrients on its completely unproductive parts. The root growth should be destroyed, not waiting for its growth.

Generative shoots of are the constituent elements of the tree crown, on which the flower bud is laid, and directly participate in the formation of the crop. These branches received their name thanks to the fact that only generative buds can be placed on them( even if they do not develop in any one year), which determine the tendency of the generative branches to bear fruit and their purpose for harvesting.

The generative shoots include:

fruit rod - is a thin, often bent down one-year branch with a length of more than 15 cm with a flower bud at the apex;

lance - a straight, noticeably tapering to the tip a shortened lateral branch 5-15 cm long with a flower bud;

Koltchatka - is the shortest annual branch up to 2-3 cm long, very fragile with one well-formed leaf or flowering bud;

fetuses - shoots 2-3 years old, once fruitful;

spines - short fruit formations from 0.5 to 10 cm in length;

whorls - short fruit formations up to 3 cm long with a group of kidneys at the apex.

Generative sprouts of

A shoot, carrying either separate flowers or inflorescences, and subsequently fruits, is a generative or flowering shoot. Generative shoot of develops from the generative bud, which has the rudiments of a flower or inflorescence. Generative shoots can be very different from vegetative shoots, as, for example, in pome and stone fruit breeds, or differ little, as, for example, in sea-buckthorn, honeysuckle and actinidia. According to the ratio of the vegetative and flower-bearing zones,

generates non-specialized generative shoots, , which are characterized by a strong predominance of the vegetative zone and late flowering in the leafy state. This type of generative shoots is characteristic of actinidia, magnolia vine, honeysuckle;

semispecialized generative shoots, characterized by a pronounced vegetative zone, apex arrangement of flowers or inflorescences, flowering in a leafy state, which occurs simultaneously with the appearance of leaves or immediately in front of it. This type of generative shoots is typical for quince, viburnum, apple, pear, rowan, chokeberry;

specialized generative shoots, characterized by a strongly reduced vegetative zone. Outwardly they represent a single shoot or inflorescence, bloom in a leafless state and very early, which often causes damage to the flowers by late spring night frosts.

This type of generative shoots is characteristic for cherry plum, plum, cherry, cherry, peach, apricot, hazelnut.

Fruit bags are thickened formations on a fruit rod, spear or ring, serving to form fruit. When the flowering kidney wakes up on the generative branch, a bulge appears, resembling a bag in shape, which explains its name. From the fruit bag can develop additional generative shoots in the form of kolchatok, kopec, fruit twigs. Annually increasing in length, generative branches turn into fetuses and fruit,