Adult Actinidian Lianas
Root
The superficial root system is characteristic of actinides. Depending on the type of plants and growing conditions, the root formation is different. Thus, for actinidia Chinese( kiwi) on a cultural plantation in New Zealand, the roots occupied a spherical soil volume and the root length in it decreased with depth and distance from the plant. Roots were found to a depth of 1 m. The root density was 0.1 to 1.95 cm / cm3.It was reported that the total depth of the roots up to 4 m and beyond. The main mass of the roots was within 2-4 m. It was found that the average root length per unit area of the soil surface was 129 cm / m3 in actinidium, which exceeds this figure for most fruit crops of the temperate climate. In 6-15 year old kiwifruit plants, the radius of propagation of the root system reached 2.2 m. The depth of the roots depends on the type of soil.
Friendly shoots of actinidia from the stratified seeds of
Seed of actinidia polygam( increased)
In actinidia in the Far East of Russia, adult lianas have a rooted root system, branched and with a well expressed main root. From it the lateral ones leave, which often turn into highly branched thin roots, which look like lobes. The roots of a plant actinidium colomict or a.polygam usually occupy an area of 2-5 m2.Root system a.the argument has some features. The skeletal roots of her are thicker, longer, and less than the lateral, and then the fibrous roots, branch off from them. The root system of an adult actinidium colomict liana at the age of 25 was recorded. The length of all the roots was 970 m, which indicates a low power of the root system of the plant. The suction part of the roots, if counted and the rootlets 1 mm long, was 95% of their total length. This means that its sucking activity is high. At the same time, the soil was poorly saturated with roots( 0.01% of the volume).The main mass of the roots( 60%) was located in the 0-40 cm layer. The maximum depth of penetration of the roots of actinidium colimict into the soil is 120 cm. The roots were most often encountered within a radius of 60-80 cm from the center of the trunk location and occupied an area of 1.1-2,0 m2.
Nature distribution of the root system of actinidia in the soil, i.e.its high surface location, is an unfavorable factor for culture. As a result, it is possible for partial death of it during damage during interrow cultivation, due to the blowing or washing away of soil particles by thawed or rainwater flows. The same can occur with the temporary drying of the upper layers of the soil. Exposure or drying out of the root system of lianas is dangerous in that it does not recover in the year of its damage. The dried roots usually die and are not formed again until the next spring. When introducing lianas into the culture, it is necessary to ensure the deepest disposition of the root system in the soil. This is necessary because of the biological properties of the lian-hydrotropism of the root systems. Their roots grow in the direction of moist soil. On the roots of actinidia subordinate buds are formed. They are collected in groups of 10 pieces. They are usually at rest, do not germinate, and therefore not about the
it takes off the root of the shoot. However, if the main main stem is damaged, they can grow and thus the root shoots appear. In the conditions of culture, it can be used for the reproduction of lianas.
Special studies have found that in female actinidia plants, the physiological activity of the roots is higher than that of males. The latter have higher activity shoots.
Stalk
The whole of its shape depends on the structure of the main stem of the plant. Actinidia are perennial woody creepers with a main flexible stem. In nature, all lianas are divided into 5 groups.
1. Supporting vines - woody and herbaceous. Their unstable stems and branches climb and lie on the support with thorns, thorns or branches spaced at right angles or bent downwards.
2. Root-climbing lianas are fixed on the support with the help of additional roots.
3. Curly creepers - shoots and stems twist the support in a spiral.
4. Lianas - sheet laths, climbing on the support with the help of leaves petioles.
5. Usikonosnye vines - attached to the support with antennas, which are sensitive when in contact with a solid support.
Actinidia belong to the third, the most widespread in nature group of lianas plants - curly, twisting support. Liana - the life form of actinides. Stems and shoots of it are capable of moving in a spiral, i. E.nutational movement. At first, young shoots grow almost straight up, at a very acute angle, to the mother stem. Then, reaching a certain length, up to 80-100 cm, begin to gradually deviate to the sides. At the same time, intensive growth of shoots continues, which seem to be seeking support. In the absence of support, growing shoots hang, but their apex points upwards and sidewards. Sometimes the shoot, not finding support, bends 180 ° and begins to wind around itself, heading back to the support of the main stem. During the daylight, the tip of a growing young shoot is in constant motion, mostly counterclockwise.
All crocheting vines are capable of long and rapid growth. At the northern limit of the range, ie.on the northern boundary of the spread, sometimes bush-shaped forms of actinidia, as well as semi-bony and creeping. They are formed in certain environmental conditions, when there is no support for lianas. The bush form is a shrub with short, curly shoots. Consider in more detail the habitats and life form of wild plants of different species of actinidia in the Far East of Russia.
Actinidium colomicta
1. Covering the support of the liana.
A long flexible stem twists supporting trees and shrubs with young twigs to a height of 7 m or more.
2. Shrub form
The plants are undersized, up to 1.0-1.2 m tall, grow without support. They have a basic erect stalk with short, yearly retracted or slightly curly shoots that depart from it.
3. Semi-bush form
Adaptive to bushy plants have a low erect ungainly stem. It branches with short and medium length curly shoots, grow without support.
4. Collapsible form of
Plants have a flexible long main stem and an annual growth of young curly short shoots. They grow without support, spreading on the ground or stony placers near the sea shore.
Of the listed life forms for the actinidia of the colomictus, in addition to the basic lianas, semi-caustic and bushlike are often found.
Actinidia of the argument
The actinidia of the argument is characterized by the basic, lianic life form. However, very rarely occur bushy and creeping. Lianas supporting the support a.the arguments rise high on the trees. Primorsky Krai recorded the maximum length of the main stem a.an argument of 24 m. A liana was measured at the age of 33 years. The thickness of the main stem at the base was
about 10 cm. For comparison: in the 27-year-old creeper a.the length of the main stem reached 17 m, and the thickness at the base of 2 cm. At the same time, annual shoots reach a length of 2 m with a thickness at the base of 0.5-0.7 cm.argue longer shoots that grow during the summer and reach up to 4 m. At the base they have a thickness of 1.0-1.2 cm.
Actinidia polygam
In natural habitats a. Polygamma has 2 life forms:
1. The casing-bearing liana.
2. Semi-bony.
The plants of different species of actinidia differ not only in their growth power and annual growth, but also in a number of morphological signs of the stem( Table)
Morphological signs of the actinidia stem
| View Actinidia |
| Annual Stem shoots: | ||||
| bark Coloring | nature peeling bark bark | core | Coloring | lenticels, lenticels value | form | |
| A. kolomikta | brown scaly |
| Loose cloisonne, brown | Brown. Russet | Small, densely scattered | rounded |
| Argut | A. Gray-brown flaking | ribbons | - «- | brown | -« - | - «- |
| A. Polygamy | brown scaly |
| solid compact, white | Brown, light brown | Large, rarely scattered | Long narrow, dashed |
Anatomical structure of the stem
The nature and location of the tissue of the actinidia stem has the following features. Unlike other dicots, the conductive system is located in concentric layers. Annual lignified shoot a. The colomicta has a powerful cortex, separated by a solid cylinder of wood with a concentric arrangement of the vascular-conducting system. The core takes up most of the cross-section of the shoot.
The core of the annual shoot of actinidia is large and loose, consists of large parenchymal cells hexagonal in cross section. Shells are thin, pores are invisible in them. By the autumn the core dies off, becomes brown and acquires a webbed structure.
Rooting of stem cuttings of actinidia can be difficult as a result of the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the shoots.
1. In the cortex there are no places for the possible placement of accessory roots. There is only one tissue here - phallogen, which lays off the cork.
2. In the main stem tissue due to which the rooting takes place in most dicotyledons, the emergence of accessory roots is impossible, because of early maturation.
3. In cambium, the emergence of additional roots is possible. For this, young roots have to overcome mechanical resistance, and pass through a thick bark.
4. Root tissue and its elements are located deep inside the shoot.
5. Root formation is easier when the young roots are born at the base of the shoot( up to 0.5 cm) and in the places where the kidneys are embedded, including.sleeping.
The apical part of the young shoot of actinidia Chinese
Features of growth of shoots
Young shoots of actinidia are able to curl around the support due to nutation movements during daylight hours. It turned out that a. The shoots of the male plants are the most mobile in comparison with the female ones. The tip of the shoot for the day can make a few turns [counterclockwise. Vibrant movements were observed in female lianas, both counterclockwise and clockwise.
The shoots of male lianas usually curl in a counterclockwise direction.
The movements of the top of the growing shoot of actinidium colomict. The observation time is indicated after 15 minutes. The male plant
In the conditions of culture on trellises and stairs, creepers wind along the support spontaneously, and attempts to "send" them usually do not have success.
Practice has also shown that they can not be removed from a support,they are damaged in that case and may perish, do not suffer severe winters.
Location of lian on trellises. Garter to the wire
The annual growth of shoots of actinidium colomict in culture is up to 1.5 m, maximum - up to 3 m. The apical bud of the shoot stops its growth by the end of August. By the autumn, axillary buds have been formed on the whole shoot, an average of about 40 kidneys. In the upper zone( about 10 kidneys) shoots develop.
Generative branching shoots. The annual growth of these shoots averages 8 cm. The number of flowers on them is from 1 to 5. They sit in the sinuses of the lower and middle leaves( 4-9 leaves on the shoot).The apical kidney ceases to grow in May. By autumn, generative shoots of branching in axils of the upper leaves form axillary buds - generative branch shoots of the following year.
Vegetative shoots of branching
The annual increment of branching shoots is 5 cm on average, with 2-5 leaves. The apical kidney ceases to grow in May. By autumn, one axillary bud is laid at the shoot, and in the axillary sacrum of the upper leaf - the vegetative
branch branch of the next year. From generative and vegetative branches of branching of the second year new generative and vegetative branch shoots are formed.
The growth of shoots in one summer season largely depends on the characteristics of the species. Thus, in Actinidia Chinese, the length of young shoots reaches 2-4 m or more by autumn. In the conditions of the Moscow region, lianas a. The colomicta had a length of young shoots up to a maximum of 190 cm, and a.polygam was an average of 78-150 cm, maximum 183 cm. Plants a.the argument in the conditions of the Moscow region gave shoots longer than 150 cm.
Kidneys
Actinidium colomict. Awakening of the bud in the spring
Young shoots appear early in the spring from the kidneys on the last year's shoots. On them there are the following kidneys, differing in their structure:
1) vegetative, or growth;
2) generative vegetative, or flowering-growth;
3) sleeping.
By location on the shoot, the kidneys of actinidia are:
1) apical;
2) axillary.
Actinidia has no specialized flower buds. All the kidneys are laid in the axilla of the leaves of the young shoot. However, they differ in internal structure, tk.may have the germs of future inflorescences or without them. The kidneys of actinidia are always simple, single. In plants of actinidia colomict and a.they are completely hidden in the growth of the cortex, i.e.in pillows of leaf trail. Kidneys on annual shoots a.polygam are hidden only half.
The cycle of growth and development includes the processes of organ formation inside the kidneys before the formation of the fruit, during the whole growing season.
Bookmark the new kidney in the leaf axils of the growing shoot of actinidia. Inside the kidney there is an undifferentiated cone of growth
Sheet
Actinidia - deciduous perennial creepers. Leaves whole petiolate, thin or dense, depending on species.
Actinidium colomicta
Leaves averaged 9.4( 4.8-13.3) cm, 7.0( 4.2-8.0) cm in width, with a short stalk of 3.2( 2.0-5,6). See the leaf coloration is darker green on the upper side than on the lower side, pubescence is sparse with thin, short, light hairs on the underside of the veins. The stalk is chestnut-brown. The leaves are thin as paper, the shape of the leaf is diverse - from oval to round, ovate, with a cordate base and a pointed apex. Sometimes there are plants with a diamond-shaped leaf or with a vertex, pointed long spiky. At the edge of the leaves are serrated-serrated or dentate.
Unlike other species, in the actinidia of the colomictum, the leaves before the onset of flowering become variegated, i.e.they are characterized by variegation. One week before flowering leaves from the tips turn white. Then the white spot spreads to half the leaf blade, and the tips of the leaves become crimson. Especially often this variegation is observed in plants a.of the male colomict. It turned out that in places where there are white-crimson spots, the cells contain less chlorophyll.
Actinidia polygam
Leaves thin as a paper, broadly ovoid or ovate in length 11.2( 9.5-13.0) cm, width 8.4( 5.4-12.2) cm, petiole to 6 cm, chestnut color. At the edge of the leaves are serrate or dentate. The base of the leaf is rounded to slightly heart-shaped, the apex is short-pointed. Opuschenie rare light hairs on the veins, mainly from the underside of the leaf. The color of the leaf is bright green to yellowish-green, from below it is lighter. Before flowering, mostly in male plant specimens on the leaves are visible white-silvery spots, and the liana becomes elegant.
Actinidia of the argument
Leaves are larger, dense, almost leathery, the top dark green from below is lighter. Lowered from the lower side of the veins with light short hairs. The length of the leaf blade an average of 10 cm, width 7.5 cm, petiole from 2 to 8 cm. The base of the leaf is round or straight, apex pointed. The shape of the leaf is oval, broadly ovate to ovate, serrate along margin. Have a. Arguably the leaves are never variegated.
Actinidia purpura
Leaves are dense, olive-green in color, from below it is lighter. Dimensions: and the average length is 11.0( 10.5-11.8) cm, width 4.9( 4.2-5.7) cm, stalk with a length of 4.0( 2.7-5.8) cm,red-brown coloration. The form of the leaf is elongated-oval, to an elliptical, with a rounded base and pointed at the tip-end of the tip. Edge of leaf is serrate, with spinules. Leaves are never colorful.
Actinidia of the Giralda
Leaves are dense olive-green, from below it is lighter, oval or ovoid in shape, with a rounded base and a pointed short spike
apex. Dimensions: length of leaf blade 10.1( 7.0-11.9) cm, width 6.1( 4.5-9.4) cm. Petiole length 3.1( 2.2-5.2) cm,cream color.
Differences in the structure of the leaves of male and female actinidia plants have been found.
With a large magnification of the microscope around the stomata of the leaves, deposits are found that are elongated in the radial direction. There are distinct differences of stomata depending on the sex of plants and the species in the structure of the tissue of the leaf surface. Women's cells are more elongated than in male plants. The number of stomata in female lianas is 2-3.8 times higher than in males. The listed differences were observed in plants of species of actinidia colomict, a.argument and a.purple.
Flower
In Actinidia, flowers are usually solitary or collected in the inflorescence of the scute. They have 4 or 5 white petals and as many sepals. Petals are oval in shape. Flowers are divided into masculine( staminate) and female. In the female flower in the center there is a pistil with star-shaped divergent stigmas, and around it there are small stamens, sessile and numerous.
Actinidia sprouts of the Giralda, top view
Structure of the actinidium flower
Flow chart of the actinidia flowers: 1 - male staminate flower;2 - female bisexual flower
Male inflorescences and flowers of actinidia of the argument
They contain usually sterile pollen. In the male flower there are only well developed numerous stamens on fine filaments. In windy weather, they swing and pollen is poured out of them, carried by the wind. Pollen in male flowers is always viable. During flowering, pollinating insects, when visiting flowers, transfer pollen, and collect it themselves as protein food. As we can see, according to the morphological structure, the female flowers of actinidia
are always bisexual, i.e.have both a pestle and stamens. However, the flower performs only the female function - the future fruit is tied after pollination with pollen from male, staminate flowers. Thus, it is a functionally female flower, despite the oboepolo external appearance.
On the same plant are flowers of the same sex - either male or female, which determines the sex of the creeper. The sex of plants during life does not change and is determined in the first year of flowering. Thus, all actinidia are dioecious, i.e.on one plant there are only male flowers, staminate, and on the other only functional-female flowers. They are adapted to cross pollination.
Plant species differ in pollen color in anthers of stamens. The lyans of actinidia colomict and a.they are yellow, they have a polygam.argument and a.purple - black. Usually female flowers are larger, about 2 cm in diameter, male flowers - 1 cm in diameter.
Fruits
Lianas actinidia give fruit - juicy berries. Their magnitude and attributes depend on the species. The characteristics of the fruit include: shape, length and width, weight of the berry. The variety of fruits in shape and color is shown in the figures. When selected in generations, varieties are obtained, differing in taste.
Berries actinidia of domestic origin have a thin bare skin, without pubescence. Under it is a juicy pulp. The color of the skin and pulp depends on the type of creeper. The core of the berry is soft and usually lighter than the flesh. On the core longitudinal rows in the seed chambers are very small seeds. When chewing berries they are invisible, but give a special nutty taste. The taste of berries depends on belonging to the species of actinidia.
Fruits а.kolomikta, and.argument, as well.green greasery, sweet-sour, sweet, with pineapple or other fruity aroma.
The properties of fruit a stand out.polygam. They are orange, in shape similar to small peppers, have a taste of sweet or hot pepper and peppery aroma. The largest fruits in a.argument, as well.the Giralda, yield to them the fruits of a.polygam and the smallest in a.colomict. More detailed information about fruits is presented in the table, where the results of observations are given. In form and size of the fruits, we have identified forms and species of actinidia species.
Actinidia fruit - longitudinal and transverse section. Scheme
Form variety of fetuses of actinidia polygam: 1 - fusiform;2 - oval;3 - cylindrical
Fruit of actinidia of the girald, on the upper left side, on the right - lateral. Below - the longitudinal and transverse section of the berries
Actinidia purple: 1 - berry on the front side;2 - side;3 - longitudinal section;4 - cross-section;5 - branched peduncles
Actinidium colomict. Variety Sugawara
shape and size of berries Actinidia polygamy
Characteristic of Actinidia fruit in the Russian Far East
| View Actinidia | fruit shape, size | Weight 1 fetus g | Coloring | Taste Aroma |
|
| A. kolomikta | cylindrical rounded conical
small-fruited | 1-4 | Green, all shades | Sweet and sour Sweet and sweet Sweet Sweet | Pineapple Apple Strawberry Actinidium nanasny Apple balsamic |
| Aarguta | macrocarpa Szhatoplodnaya Dlinnoplodnaya Conical Heart- Krugloplodnaya small-fruited | 4-9 | - «- | -« - | |
| A. Giralda | cylindrical Bochonkovidnaya | 10-12 | dirty green | Sweet with sour | Pineapple-apple |
| A. polygam | Oval Cylindrical Spindle-shaped | 3-4 | Orange | Sweet or hot pepper | Pepper |