Nutrients

Description	Disadvantage	Surplus
Nitrogen	Decrease and stop growth of shoots,	Excessive growth of the plant, increase in the number of roots and the whole plant, lack of basic mass. Leaf color - intensive -
precise formation of green mass, suppressed -	green. The increased growth of shoots, that
for flowering and fruiting, decreases	leads to a weakening of the resistance of the leaf, pale	to disease, reduces its frost-resistant
green leaf color, premature	bone. Wateriness and fragility of
tissues their fall	stems and branches in herbaceous plants. Weakening of flowering and fruiting, pale fruit coloring, watery taste, weakening of aroma, decrease in storage capacity
Phosphorus	Deceleration of growth of vegetative organs,	Premature ripening of fruits, both
runs and the whole plant, reducing	as phosphorus accelerates vegetation,
, the appearance of	on the appearance of a lack of potassium, iron
of her red veins, suppressed color -	and zinc. In some cases, as a result of
, the flowers are devoid of color brilliance. Symptoms are similar to signs of a lack of nitrogen. Deterioration of fruit quality, fruits are pale, tasteless, with a weak aroma. With a complex deficit of phosphorus and potassium, a violet color appears on the petioles of the leaves and the lower part of the shoots. There are signs of an excess of nitrogen	lack of iron can develop chlorosis
Potassium	Leaves acquire a bluish-green	There are manifestations of lack of calcium
color, edges and tips of the sheet plate	, magnesium, manganese. The fruits, especially the
, dry out, turn brown,	swallow cultures, lose the ability to
leaf plate often appears spotting. The plant becomes exposed to unfavorable weather conditions, loses its frost resistance, poorly tolerates a lack of moisture. Fruits ripen slowly, poorly colored	storage, bitter rot rotates fruits
Calcium	Chlorosis, blanching and sometimes loss of	There are manifestations of potassium deficiency,
color of the leaf plate tissue, on the leaves of	magnesium, zinc, manganese, boron.
appears whitish chlorotic strips and	cases of plant chlorosis, as with under-
spots, the edges of the sheet plate are turning brown, opa-	is the stack of this element. Significantly higher -
gives foliage. Growth of shoots is suppressed, the growth tops wither and die. The growth of roots is inhibited, the roots develop poorly, little lateral rootlets and root suction hairs are created. Weakening of wood tissue and its exposure to frost, poor formation of a solid stone in peach and apricot trees. Depressed germination of seeds. Fruits lose their ability to store. Soil is gradually acidified	pH indicator of acidity pH
Magnesium	Chlorosis, blanching and even yellowing	There are manifestations of lack of
of the plant foliage, leaf withering, premature fall of the leaves, apple leafs can provoke brown leaf spot. A typical sign of magnesium starvation is blanching of the tissue of the leaf plate between veins. Grinding of fruits, deterioration of their external and taste qualities, it is possible their premature shedding. Lack of magnesium is often caused by excess calcium in the soil	calcium
Sulfur	Reducing and stopping growth of shoots, roots and the whole plant, insufficient formation of green mass, blanching of leaf tissue, reduction in leaf plate size, pale green color of leaves and premature fall. Symptoms similar to the signs of a lack of nitrogen	No symptoms were noted

All nutritious elements are necessary for the full development of the plant. Each of them has a certain effect on the growth of plants, plays a role in the metabolic process. And yet the most important thing is the presence of a balanced complex of all elements, as this ensures the assimilation by the plant of all components of the complex.

Nitrogen refers to the most important nutrient macroelements, without it the plant can not exist. Nitrogen is part of the protein compounds that are the basis of life, as well as the composition of chlorophyll, with which plants use solar energy, absorb carbon dioxide and form carbohydrates, necessary for the construction of plant tissues. The presence of nitrogen is almost the main condition for plant growth, the formation of shoots and leaves. Plants get nitrogen from the soil, absorb it only in the form of ammonia or nitric acid and react very painfully to the lack of this element. However

Nutrients and the main signs of their lack or excess in plants

Name	Disadvantage	Excess
Iron	Blanching of plant leaf tissue, chlorosis	There are manifestations of lack of foliage, especially on shoot tips, dying of shoots, suppressed growth of new shoots. Iron deficiency is often caused by excess calcium in the soil, as well as by the low acidity of the soil( pH> 7)	of sphagnum and manganese
Copper	Deformation of shoots, shrinkage and twisting of their tips, death of shoots and depressed formation of new ones, chlorosis of leaves is noted, leaf discoloration, premature leaf drop	No symptoms were noted
Boron	Yellowing of leaves, ugly deformity	Aging leaves get brown
of leaf plate, redness of the leaflok leaves, the appearance of necrotic spots on them. Deformation of the leaf plate, the leaves are small, become fibrous, leathery, the edges are twisted. Suppression of normal development of the kidneys, outwardly normal buds do not develop and later dry out, drying and dying off of vegetative tops. If there is a strong lack of boron, necrosis and death of shoots may follow. Fruit trees are observed in the provocation of various parts of the fruit and even premature fall-off	color
Zinc	Grinding of leaves, dwarfism and deformity-	There are manifestations of a lack of leaf plate, shortened interstices and, as a consequence, the emergence of rose-precision leaves, leaf chlorosiswith decolorization of leaf plate tissue, leaf drop, necrosis	, death of leaves
Molybdenum	Chlorosis with blanching of the color of green leaf plate tissue, suppressesgrowth of leaves and young shoots, shrinkage of shoot tips, poor head formation, for example, in cauliflower, death of the vegetative core in broccoli	Unusual staining of leaves
Manganese	Appearance of chlorotic spots on aging	There are manifestations of lack of
leaves, suppressed growth of new leaves,marked loss of foliage, as well as shrinkage and death of young shoots	iron

by changing its appearance, possible diseases and even plant death. There are a number of signs in the external appearance of the plant, indicating a lack or excess of one or another element. However, often there is a shortage of not one but several elements, and then the signs of their insufficiency are combined. So, for example, with the simultaneous lack of phosphorus and potassium , the plant does not show any characteristic signs of mineral starvation, but its growth is depressed, and often completely suppressed. With a strong deficit of these elements, a violet color appears on the petioles of the leaves and the lower part of the shoots. If phosphorus is deficient in combination with deficiency, the leaves become fibrous and stiff, acquire a light green color and grow at an acute angle relative to the shoot. As a result of such a complex deficiency of elements, plants often cease to bear fruit. With a shortage of three elements of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus , the plants develop poorly, their growth is suppressed, they bear fruit poorly, and there are few seeds in the fruit. Proceeding from what has been said, we can conclude that the decisive role for the full development of healthy plants is not even the absolute content of nutrients in the soil, but the ratio of the main elements of nutrition.

Fertilizers:

types and methods of application of

Soil as plant rooting and nutrition medium must have all necessary substances for plant life and development. Only from the earth as a source and carrier of nutrients, plants draw strength for growth, flowering and full-bodied fruiting. Balance of nutrients in the soil

Objective processes of weathering, washing of valuable elements in the lower layers of the earth under the influence of atmospheric precipitation and groundwater,

and natural removal of nutrients by plants cause significant depletion of even fertile soils.

is a complex of dynamic relationships between mobilization and binding processes,exchange of nutrients, fertilization and removal of their plants. Receiving nutrients from the soil, the plants gradually exhaust their stock, which, when intensive cultivation of crops is not replenished in a natural way. Therefore, in order to maintain nutrient levels in the soil that are sufficient for the life of plants and prevent its depletion, it is necessary to compensate for the natural processes of nutrient removal by plants and washing them into the lower soil layers by applying fertilizers, thus replenishing the stock of valuable elements that has been expended.

Fertilizers play an important role in plant nutrition: they directly affect the diet, improve soil properties,

facilitate the transfer of nutrients into plant-accessible forms. The most difficult question in the practice of fertilizer application is to determine where the line between the nutrient deficiency lies, when the plant is threatened with mineral starvation, and the excess of mineral elements entailing a dangerous over-saturation of soil and plants. The optimal dosing of fertilizers depends on the establishment of this boundary. The task of creating a balance of nutrients in the soil is very complex. To determine their optimal level, it is required to know the amount of nutrients and microelements contained in the soil, to take into account the soil structure, the level of its acidity, on which the degree of assimilation of individual substances by plants, the degree of soil moisture, the percentage of humus content, climatic conditions,

in nutrients of different groups. In addition, during the growing season, the plant's need for certain nutrients varies depending on which plant organs grow in intensity over a given period of time. Leaf mass and young shoots require nitrogen, calcium and potassium, the root system - phosphorus and magnesium, flowers - nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the changing needs of plants in food elements at different stages of development should also be taken into account when determining the rate of fertilization. To do this, it is advisable to carry out soil analysis to determine the level of nutrient content and then, in accordance with the needs of the crops to be cultivated, to introduce the missing elements in the form of fertilizers that are divided into organic, mineral and organomineral or complex in composition.