Diabetes mellitus type 2: symptoms, treatment, causes, complications
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus( type 2) is an endocrine disease characterized by hyperglycemia( elevated blood sugar level).
The main cause of diabetes is the disruption of the interaction of cells of the body tissues with insulin - the hormone of the pancreas.
occurs more often than type 1 diabetes mellitus. It differs from it in a "soft" current. Mostly women are ill after 40 years with a tendency to metabolic syndrome.
Over the age of 65 years, of all diseases, diabetes accounts for 20%.An interesting fact is that among Africans, the disease is almost not found.
What is it and how to treat it? Diabetes mellitus type 2 - acquired disease. The main contributing factor is a person's wrong lifestyle, components, and the consequences of which are:
Heredity has a special role in the onset of diabetes. It is proved that the risk of the disease is great( up to 40%) in people whose close relatives are sick with type 2 diabetes. There are two defects inherited and underlying the causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus:
The first defect is manifested in insensitivity of tissues to the action of insulin. At the heart of its pathogenesis is a metabolic disorder, which is associated with insulin resistance. Glucose enters the human body with food. Normally, its excess is utilized by insulin. Under its influence glucose is converted from glucose, which is quickly absorbed by liver cells, muscle tissue, etc. Thus, insulin is a kind of key to receptors - the locks of many cells in our body in which glucose excess is absorbed. With insulin resistance, tissues are not "let in" of glycogen, leaving it in the bloodstream. That is why the blood glucose level rises above the normal figures( 3, 3 - 6 mmol / l);
The second defect is associated with a violation of the sensitivity of pancreatic cells to glucose. When he responds to an increase in blood sugar levels, the beta cells react with a weak secretion of insulin, which is simply not enough. As a result, hyperglycemia occurs in the blood.
Complications related to fluctuations in blood glucose include:
The expressed clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia in most cases are long absent. Polyuria( profuse urination), thirst, muscle weakness manifests itself insignificantly.
Most often, type 2 diabetes mellitus and its first symptoms are observed at the age of over 40 years in patients with signs of a metabolic syndrome, which include: obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension.
Over time, itching, dry skin and vagina, poor healing of wounds begin to worry. It is with this symptom that patients turn to the gynecologist and dermatologist.
Very often, a visit to a doctor with signs of diabetes is associated with late complications, for example, with diabetic foot syndrome, progressive vision reduction, kidney disease, etc., which occur after years of low-symptom course of the disease.
The diagnosis of the disease is established on the basis of clinical symptoms, as well as laboratory tests of blood on an empty stomach( above 6 mmol / l) and 2 hours after eating( above 11 mmol / l).
Indirect symptoms of the metabolic syndrome are indirectly suspected by the disease: obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.
Read also, the norm of sugar in the blood.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus includes certain components. First of all it is:
Representatives of the fourth group are insulins, which replace the function of the pancreas. At a certain stage of the disease, they begin to receive half of the patients.
Insulin is often prescribed in combination with drugs that reduce the level of sugar in the form of tablets.
It is possible to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes if you follow simple recommendations concerning, above all, a healthy lifestyle. The same recommendations are also suitable for patients who already have diabetes mellitus.
If the diagnosis is accurately known, then it is important, taking care of your health, to timely implement the following recommendations that reduce the likelihood of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The main cause of diabetes is the disruption of the interaction of cells of the body tissues with insulin - the hormone of the pancreas.
occurs more often than type 1 diabetes mellitus. It differs from it in a "soft" current. Mostly women are ill after 40 years with a tendency to metabolic syndrome.
Over the age of 65 years, of all diseases, diabetes accounts for 20%.An interesting fact is that among Africans, the disease is almost not found.
What causes
What is it and how to treat it? Diabetes mellitus type 2 - acquired disease. The main contributing factor is a person's wrong lifestyle, components, and the consequences of which are:
- 1) Visceral obesity, in which subcutaneous fat accumulates mainly in the abdomen. The risk group includes women's waist circumference, which is more than 80 cm and men with a waist size of more than 90 cm. The degree of obesity, is reflected in the prognosis of the disease;
- 2) The peculiarity of nutrition with a predominance in the diet is more carbohydrate, refined food;
- 3) Low physical activity, which affects the susceptibility of insulin cells and the absorption of glucose by them.
Heredity has a special role in the onset of diabetes. It is proved that the risk of the disease is great( up to 40%) in people whose close relatives are sick with type 2 diabetes. There are two defects inherited and underlying the causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus:
The first defect is manifested in insensitivity of tissues to the action of insulin. At the heart of its pathogenesis is a metabolic disorder, which is associated with insulin resistance. Glucose enters the human body with food. Normally, its excess is utilized by insulin. Under its influence glucose is converted from glucose, which is quickly absorbed by liver cells, muscle tissue, etc. Thus, insulin is a kind of key to receptors - the locks of many cells in our body in which glucose excess is absorbed. With insulin resistance, tissues are not "let in" of glycogen, leaving it in the bloodstream. That is why the blood glucose level rises above the normal figures( 3, 3 - 6 mmol / l);
The second defect is associated with a violation of the sensitivity of pancreatic cells to glucose. When he responds to an increase in blood sugar levels, the beta cells react with a weak secretion of insulin, which is simply not enough. As a result, hyperglycemia occurs in the blood.
Classification
- 1) In terms of severity, there are: light current, moderate severity, severe course of the disease;
- 2) The degree of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism distinguishes the phases: compensation, subcompensation and decompensation;
- 3) The presence of diseases( complications) that have arisen against the background of diabetes: angiopathy, arthropathy, encephalopathy, etc.
Complications of
Complications related to fluctuations in blood glucose include:
- 1) Hyperglycemia - increase in blood glucose levels above 50mmol / l can lead to a state of hyperglycemic coma, from which it is possible to withdraw the patient in a timely manner by introducing insulin into the blood;
- 2) Hypoglycemia - lowering blood glucose levels below 3.3 mmol / l until the state of hypoglycemic coma. It occurs as a result of an overdose of drugs that reduce blood sugar levels.
- 1) Angiopathy is the most common complication of diabetes. With it, vascular permeability is violated, the risk of thrombosis increases, the development of atherosclerosis, etc.;
- 2) Polyneuropathy is accompanied by paralysis, paresis( partial paralysis), pain along the nerves, etc.;
- 3) Ophthalmopathy is the premature development of cataracts, damage to the retina of the eye;
- 4) Arthropathy is manifested in joint disease: their mobility is limited, pain and "crunch" are disturbed, viscosity of intraarticular fluid is increased, etc.;
- 5) Neuropathy is manifested in kidney disease. In the phase of decompensation, kidney failure develops.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes
The expressed clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia in most cases are long absent. Polyuria( profuse urination), thirst, muscle weakness manifests itself insignificantly.
Most often, type 2 diabetes mellitus and its first symptoms are observed at the age of over 40 years in patients with signs of a metabolic syndrome, which include: obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension.
Over time, itching, dry skin and vagina, poor healing of wounds begin to worry. It is with this symptom that patients turn to the gynecologist and dermatologist.
Very often, a visit to a doctor with signs of diabetes is associated with late complications, for example, with diabetic foot syndrome, progressive vision reduction, kidney disease, etc., which occur after years of low-symptom course of the disease.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of the disease is established on the basis of clinical symptoms, as well as laboratory tests of blood on an empty stomach( above 6 mmol / l) and 2 hours after eating( above 11 mmol / l).
Indirect symptoms of the metabolic syndrome are indirectly suspected by the disease: obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.
Read also, the norm of sugar in the blood.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes
Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus includes certain components. First of all it is:
- 1) Physical activity, against which a weight loss to normal figures should occur. For this purpose, it is recommended to swim, walk, run. The intensity and time of training should be gradually increased. Physical activity reduces insulin resistance and blood sugar levels;
- 2) Dietotherapy;
- 3) Drug treatment with hypoglycemic drugs 4 main groups.
Representatives of the fourth group are insulins, which replace the function of the pancreas. At a certain stage of the disease, they begin to receive half of the patients.
Indications for the appointment of insulin are: complications of the disease, obvious signs of insulin deficiency( weight loss, complications, fasting hyperglycemia more than 15 mmol / l, etc.).
Insulin is often prescribed in combination with drugs that reduce the level of sugar in the form of tablets.
Prevention of type 2 diabetes
It is possible to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes if you follow simple recommendations concerning, above all, a healthy lifestyle. The same recommendations are also suitable for patients who already have diabetes mellitus.
- 1) Maintain weight within normal limits. To clarify whether there is excess weight can be using a simple calculation of the body mass index;
- 2) Regularly load yourself with any exercise that increases your heart rate. It is recommended to devote daily exercise( for example, walking, running) to at least 30 minutes;
- 3) Correctly to eat. The following foods should be present in the food ration: vegetables, lean meat, cereals, whole grain baking.
How to prevent the development of complications
If the diagnosis is accurately known, then it is important, taking care of your health, to timely implement the following recommendations that reduce the likelihood of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- is constantly monitored using a glucometer and maintained with medicines, dieting blood sugar levels;
- is regularly checked by an endocrinologist;
- to control blood pressure, as well as the level of cholesterol( see the norm of cholesterol in the blood);
- to prevent complications from the cardiovascular system in the form of stroke, heart attack - it is necessary to take aspirin, in the dosage prescribed by the doctor;
- regularly visit an ophthalmologist to examine the fundus to identify various pathologies in the early stages;
- should always forget about such a bad habit as smoking. Substances contained in tobacco smoke, accelerate the development of early complications of type 2 diabetes.