Practice of applying fertilizers

In the fertilization practice, distinguishes the main fertilizer, , which should compensate for the natural removal of nutrients, restore their level in the soil and lay a certain stock of valuable elements for the entire vegetation period, and top dressing, that is the intermediate insertion of certain elements into dry orliquid form in those periods of vegetation, when their consumption by the plant increases and they become especially necessary. The main fertilizer is usually applied for autumn and spring soil cultivation, top dressing is carried out at certain stages of the vegetative period of the plant during the season. The main task when applying fertilizers is to choose the type of fertilizer and determine the required quantity. It depends on the type of soil and the needs of the plants in certain nutrients. The needs of plants in fertilizers are different, but there are some regularities: lushly flowering herbaceous perennials, fruit bushes and trees during flowering, vegetables need more nutrients than decorative shrubs, alpinarium plants or greens and spicy plants, as well as plantson poor soils should be fertilized more often than on more fertile soils.

The problem of nitrates

One of the main reasons for the excessive accumulation of nitrates in plants and fruits is the introduction of unreasonably high doses of nitrogen fertilizers into the soil / Plants do not have time to digest and reprocess all nitrogen introduced to them to create organic matter, and its wastes accumulate in plant tissues inform of nitrate deposits, aggravates the position of unbalanced potassium, phosphorus and trace elements, plant nutrition, lack of moisture and insufficient sunlight. To avoid the accumulation of nitrates, the excess dose of which becomes hazardous to health, it is necessary to carefully fertilize all crops, especially those that are more capable of accumulating nitrates: celery, all kinds of cabbage, watercress, spinach, Peking cabbage, all kinds of salad,radish, parsley, radish

Rules for fertilizer application

Fertilizing should be purposeful, this means that before fertilization it is necessary to know exactly what deficiency is observed in the soil, which stocks are neededfill. To do this, you need to regularly make chemical soil analysis, at least once in 2-3 years.

Spread dry mineral fertilizers better on rainy days or after a rain, when the soil moisture level is high and fertilizers can be quickly assimilated by the soil medium.

If the soil analysis shows an unnaturally high content of nutrients in it, measures should be taken to deplete it. This activity should be carried out during the preparation of a site for crops that do not tolerate fatty soils. Such crops include, first of all, greens, spicy-aromatic plants and garden medicinal plants. To deplete the soil, it is necessary to plant strong consumers of nutrients, but it is desirable not vegetables, since most of them have the property of accumulating nitrates.

Dry fertilizers should be spread over the soil surface with gloved hands, avoiding windy weather.

Before spring application of fertilizers should remove last year's mulching layer, after applying fertilizer mulch the surface of the soil again. Ensure that liquid fertilizers such as slurry, dissolved mineral fertilizers and salts do not fall on the leaves of plants, it can cause tissue erosion and burns. After applying fertilizers, spray plants as much as possible with water. In order to prevent the leaching of nutrients from the soil composition, fertilize should be done with the calculated amount of fertilizer by fractional introduction into the soil during the season in accordance with the plant's needs. Nitrogen fertilizers under fruit trees and perennial bushes should be discontinued no later than the beginning of August. This is due to the fact that nitrogen stimulates the growth of plant vegetative organs, which will not have time to grow stronger before the onset of winter and will not be frost-resistant.

Autumn tillage is usually carried out with manure, lime, potash or phosphorus fertilizers, depending on the nutrient in which the soil needs. In the spring before planting, pre-plant soil fertilizer is produced, most often by compost in combination with mineral fertilizers.;: - During the growing season, especially in the phase of growth, flowering and ovary formation, a superficial fertilizer is produced with high-speed mineral fertilizer forms so that plants can quickly assimilate the necessarystage of development of matter. Various herbal infusions are suitable as such an intermediate fertilizer.& gt;Do not abuse mineral fertilizers, their main purpose is to maintain the level of certain nutrients in the soil necessary for the normal development and fruiting of plants. When

unjustifiably high doses of fertilizers begin regressive processes in the soil, its microflora is disturbed, accumulation of harmful salts and metals occurs, which leads to slagging of the soil and inevitably affects the quality of plants and fruits.

Observance of fertilizer application rates

Perhaps the simplest and most often ignored rule is the compulsory compliance with the dosage of mineral fertilizers indicated on their packaging. Actions on the principle of "the more - the better" are absolutely unacceptable. Below are the correspondences of the norm of the most commonly used mineral fertilizers in a weight ratio,

Fertilizer	Glass,	Matching.	Or.g.,	C. L.,
g	boxes	r r r
Ammonium nitrate
	165	17	12	4
Dual
	200	20	15	5
superphosphate Potassium salt
	220	22	17	5
Urea	130	13	10	3
nitrophosphate	200	20	15	5
Sulfate Ammonium Sulfate	186	19	14	5
	260	26	20	6
superphosphate Potassium Phosphate	220	22	17	5
flour	350	.35.	26	9
Chloride
potassium	190	19	14	5.

Basic methods of soil treatment and preparation

In natural conditions, the soil structure is disturbed mainly as a result of the vital activity of worms and other inhabitants of the earth, the gardener usually has to cultivate the land on which he grows the plants. Treatment is necessary to control weeds, manure, compost and mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil, loosening of the compaction created and the soil structure improved. This ensures the germination of seeds, the growth of young roots, as well as a favorable air regime, the acceleration of the decomposition of introduced organic substances and the transfer of nutrients into the digestible form. Soil cultivation must realize two main goals: loosen the soil, that is, give it a grain-lumpy texture to create a favorable environment for the future

rooting plants, to facilitate the root system development in the soil thickness and to preserve soil moisture, that is, to achieve a state of soil in which it will be able to take and maintain the maximum amount of water.

Mechanically processing the soil, we maintain it in good condition, and in some cases we achieve its improvement. In order for soil to yield the desired results, all activities must be carried out on time and with the use of appropriate tools. Untimely or incorrect processing can cause the loss of a natural lumpy structure characteristic of highly fertile soils. The soil can only be processed in a state of physical ripeness. The treatment of dry soil strongly destroys the structure, structural aggregates are sprayed, gradually in such soil water permeability and aeration deteriorates, biological activity decreases. Not less, if no more harmful effect is the treatment of too moist soil. The structure of the soil becomes lumpy, the soil surface is compacted with legs and tools, and the result is the same: water permeability deteriorates, root systems of plants lack moisture and oxygen, and during processing it is necessary to expend additional forces to overcome soil resistance. There are basic basic and surface soil treatment.

Physical ripeness of soil

The physical maturity of the soil is understood as the state of the soil in the range of optimum moisture content when it is completely ready for processing. There are a number of proven ways to determine the ripeness of the soil. To do this, you need to take a lump of earth in your hand and squeeze it tightly, if the water does not leak through your fingers, but only protrudes to the surface and slightly soil the soil with soils, then the soil is ready for processing. It is also possible to drop soil from the height of a person, if the lump falls when it strikes the ground, then the soil has acquired a state of physical ripeness that is optimal for its further processing.