O wise wolves!
Guys, accidentally or interested in revealing this book! Do not rush to return it to the counter. Browse through the pages, look at the pictures, and, sure, you will surely find something interesting that it makes sense to apply on the parent garden site right now, while you all have one profession - mum and dad's assistants. Deep in reading, you, perhaps, from the independent positions of your age and inclinations will see simple and original approaches to solving some garden problems and even construct an adaptation to simplify individual techniques. And who.knows, maybe you will get carried away so that for the rest of your life you will associate your destiny with gardening. It is possible that for many in general there will be a revelation of the fact of the existence of a gardener's profession.
It was necessary, of course, and to you to hear the catch phrase that every person in his life should grow at least one tree. Planting trees on solemn days is the oldest custom of many peoples. In different parts of our country you will be shown centuries-old oaks and poplars, cedars and larches, pears and nuts, associated with historical events and outstanding personalities.
Until recently, the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy continued the tradition - each group of freshmen planted several trees in Lesnaya Dacha. For more than a hundred years, thousands of future and already well-known scientists-agronomists considered this case to be natural and very important. But the 70's came, and at the behest of environmental ignoramuses, the city-monster absorbed the first hectares of the forest. ..
And if every inhabitant of our country planted not just a tree but a tree bearing fruit! If you plant trees in the days of the wedding, the birth of children and other anniversary dates! Imagine, the whole country is a garden. Of course, this is a dream. But all the same the gardens, even if not so huge, we have. And in order to care for them, you need knowledge. So let's try to master some of them.
However, the initial career guidance is not the only purpose of this book. The fate of the gardens is determined not only by gardeners, professional lami. Too often, it depends on people of other professions, for example
designers or builders of new neighborhoods and entire cities, production complexes, modern highways. What decision would you take in their place: to save or give to the bulldozer's knife a homestead garden or a high-yielding state farm, a unique, unique planting site of a scientific institution or a school pilot section of young people that meets on the way? While in the overwhelming majority of cases there are weighty arguments just not in favor of the garden. Considering themselves as creators, such "experts" destroy a difficult, great creation of the soul and hands of men. They do not remember - or do not know - that since ancient times the state of the garden has been judged on the owner, and on the development of gardening - about the state.
Gardener is one of the most painstaking professions.
You need to know exactly which tree to harvest fruits from, how to choose the best ones, how to carefully store them in the winter months, watching the temperature and humidity, how to sow in the spring and how to finally wait for a strong seedling with good roots. And then swaddle it, so that the eye of an interesting variety could take root, not once around the plant to create a slender tree with a solid crown. Finally, plant a garden and come into it once in the spring at the time of the white-hot riot.
A gardener is one of the most dramatic professions.
A storm cloud will rush,-an ice shot will be knocked for half an hour-and all efforts of the gardener will be mixed with the ground. One frosty morning in May - and a lacy cloud of blossoming white with pink flowers will settle in a gray fog, and the bright hopes of the spring garden will turn into a void. A week of hard frosts in the snowless December or too sunny days in February - and hundreds of hectares with thousands of trees will turn into an epic battlefield.
A gardener is one of the most joyful professions.
The fruits of the labor of the gardener make. Happy, accompany in days of special events and celebrations, return lost health.
Is this not so? Do not you all have at least one pleasant memory of your grandmother's apple orchard, where you yourself have already worked, about the tall pear-wild man you met on a hike with unusually tasty( as you then thought) fruits, a strawberry meadow and raspberry grasslandsmixed with nettles, and, finally, about oranges and bananas brought by mom and dad to the pioneer camp?. .
Undoubtedly, it will be nice if this book kills the number of active gardeners-professionals. But even if you choose a different path and in your power suddenly it turns out, the fate of a garden, remember what they read here. About how many generations of scientists and people's breeders dedicated their lives to breeding varieties that please us with beautiful fruits. About how hard it is to save seeds and grow seedlings from them. About how long the way of maturing
garden and how hard it is for him to survive in frost, drought, freezing, thawing,. Because of diseases and pests, and even simply because of human ingratitude and mismanagement. Recall - and stand on the protection of the garden,
After studying at the school botany, Darwinism, natural science, working on the parental garden site, many of you learned about the existence of different varieties of apple, cherry, apricot, grapes and other fruit. And probably, one day, with pleasure finishing the ruddy, as they say in fairy tales, an apple or a fragrant plum, some people wanted to choose seeds or bones and plant them to grow a tree with the same wonderful fruits.
Chose, planted in the garden in a clean, loose, moist soil. And what? A month passes, the other does not germinate seeds or bones. Can generally disappear. And it happens, they lie in the ground for a whole summer, they have already forgotten about them. But next spring - please you: sprout-stalk, yes so cheerful. It turns out that something prevented the fresh seed from germinating even in moist soil. It turns out that in the tissues of the seed contain special substances that in natural conditions inhibit the active activity of the embryo. Do not rush to think that this is very bad. You can imagine what would happen if in the forest of the seeds of ripe and fallen apples fall tender shoots appeared in the autumn. Quite right, the first frost would have killed them. So the plant adapted itself, determining the germ to germinate only after wintering.
Under the influence of a change in low positive temperatures and with high humidity, the cover tissues of the seed soften, and the growth inhibiting substances also change. Only after this, under favorable environmental conditions, the germ is awakened, a germ appears. Here on it and the leaves are green. And the branches grew. Autumn has come, leaves have flown by. Spring came. The tree grows, new and new branches are formed, but they are prickly, prickly. Five or ten years will pass until flowering wait. And in the autumn - where are those apples, which once liked, from which seeds were sown? There are worse, to taste, there is better, but none like the original. How, then, get multi-hectare gardens from trees with the same apples, pears, peaches, cherries?
To grow a large number of trees of some strictly defined varieties is not easy or quick. They grow them in special nurseries. Work here very knowledgeable, hardworking, patient, caring, loving people in their work. Many of them have grown more than one hundred thousand fruit plants. They blossom and bear fruit in the state farms or in the areas of horticultural lovers throughout our country.
The work of the master of the nurseryman on the accuracy of execution, the creative content is close to the work of the jeweler, it is even more difficult, since a kind of cut is subjected to a living plant that serves as the basis for the future tree.
The farm in the nursery is extensive and diverse. There is a garden where trees of the varieties to be propagated are grown. It is called uterine-cuttings. Here, adult plants carefully preserve the "cultural" qualities of varieties. There is a garden where trees are grown, from which they harvest and harvest seeds. It is called utero-seed. There is a garden - a mother plant of vegetatively propagated rootstocks. Here, the branches of grown trees are grounded, rooted, and they give rise to independent plants. They are separated and then used as a stock to create a fruit tree, planting the desired variety on them. A mandatory requirement for all these plantations is absolute health and a 100% guarantee of compliance with a particular variety.
There are fields in the kennel where seedlings, oculants, one- and two-year-olds are grown, there are also buildings for winter grafting, seed stratification, storage of rootstocks, cuttings, greenhouse for reproduction of rootstocks, greenhouses for intensive growing of seedlings in containers, etc.
You ask: why all this is necessary? You can probably take a branch from the variety you like and put it in a bottle of water, like a willow or poplar. There will be roots - planted in the garden. That's almost the way, for example, with many varieties of cherries( Vladimirskaya, Agatova, Zagoryevskaya), plums( Redspeed Red, Memory of Timiryazev), pears( Efimova Elegant) and even some apple varieties, but not all. And rooting is carried out, of course, not in bottles, but in greenhouses with fogging plants. At the same time, root parts of plants are treated with special growth substances that promote root formation. But again not all breeds and varieties.
However, fogging plants, growth substances appeared in nurserymen not so long ago. But what did you do before? Let's imagine: some ancient, ancient Roman, or Egyptian, or Chinese for a long time and unsuccessfully tried to wait for the roots to form at the branch of his beloved apple tree, or walnut or mandarin. And suddenly - eureka! If the branch is not able to grow its roots, you can try to "plant" it on strangers! Found a young apple tree( walnut, mandarin).Cut off his last year's branch and replaced it with the same, but cut from the tree of the desired variety. Hooked up. Gradually removed the ancient experimenter all the other branches of the tree-owner and formed the whole crown from the rooting branch. And he named the plant, which "gave" the roots, the stock, and the vaccinated part - the graft. Many generations of gardeners around the world have perfected this method, but to this day it has reached its original form - with the obligatory presence of at least two components: a stock and a graft. There may be several components: a shaper, a skeleton, an intermediate, or intercalary, a rootstock, and then a variety. But more on that later.
As for the graft, today we continue to search for the best option: what and when to take as a scion - an even growing green shoot with leaves in the summer, the same shoot, but at the end of summer, last winter's growth, or one kidney with a shield-a small onepart of the cortex and wood of the stem, or stalk - part of the stem with 2-3 buds;when to cut it off and how to store it. Varied and original ways of combining the scion with the stock, materials for tying, tools for performing the operation. Equally difficult is the situation with the stock. It has a number of requirements: a powerful ramified root system, compatibility( good intergrowth with the graft), a weak tree providing a compact tree shape for the tree, winter hardiness, resistance to pathogens. If it is a seed stock, it should not form a seedling, if it is propagated by vegetative means, then it must have a high multiplication factor.