Reconstruction

Digging, or digging, is the most important and most thorough of the basic measures for machining the soil, during which soil layers are selected on the bayonet bayonet, inverted and partially crushed. The main agrotechnical value of digging lies in the fact that it loosens the soil to a considerable depth.

During the of the autumn digging of , the layers and clods of earth are not crushed and left for winter. Under the influence of frost, they themselves crumble, and in the spring they are finally ground and the rhizomes of weeds are chosen during the spring surface treatment of the soil. Under the autumn rough digging it is recommended to lime the soil and make such fertilizers as manure, immature compost, mineral complexes. It should pay attention to the fact that on heavy soils manure for autumn digging should be sealed shallow, since its assimilation and decomposition into the simplest nutrients available to plants occurs in the upper loosened layer.

Advantages of Digging as a Primary Soil Treatment Method

Improves the structure of heavy clay soils, as clay particles are mixed with previously introduced sand, compost, manure and other materials that correct the composition and structure of the soil during digging and chipping.

Enriches the soil with oxygen.

Helps to engage deeper layers of soil, not fattened by growing crops.

Promotes the reliable destruction of weeds along with the root system.

Allows to distribute the fertilizers evenly distributed, facilitates their assimilation.

Destroys burrows and underground passages of rodents and insect pests.

It is possible to carry out the

spring digging in the , but in this case the possibility of an autumn fertilizer will be missed and the process will become more labor-intensive. In addition, we will have to wait for the complete drying of the land on the site, which in the conditions of a protracted spring will require a lot of additional time. It should also be remembered that during spring digging, the soil loses its moisture accumulated with melted snow and some time( usually 2-3 weeks) must pass for planting before planting, which is necessary for the soil to settle and restore the hair capillary system in the soil, supplying the plant roots with moisture, withoutwhich is impossible full contact of the root system with the soil. When digging, it becomes possible to deepen the arable layer, which is especially important for soils with a small arable layer. To do this, when turning the formation, it is necessary to take a little ground from a deeper layer of soil, then mix and fertilize. Thus, the thickness of the top layer of the planted roots is increased, and after inserting 1. A bayonet shovel.

2. Interception.

3. Forks.

4. A hoe.

5. Cultivator.

6. Fang,

7. Rake.

8. Scoop-scoop.9 - Peg.

10. Fork fork

fertilizer soil becomes more fertile.

If the soil emerges from a culture that has sufficiently loosened its surface, for example from potatoes, the site can not be dug up after harvesting, but only loosen during the spring treatment.

It is not possible to start tillage in spring before the moment when it stops sticking to the sole of the shoe. Before it is better not to go to the area intended for planting and planting to avoid compaction of still damp ground

Deep digging of with removal to the surface of dead soil from the lower soil layers is carried out to a depth of 1 m using a pickaxe and bayonet shovel. After you-

A rough digging at the depth of the bayonet bayonet in autumn after harvesting is an indispensable measure for processing heavy soils. In winter, under the influence of frost, large clods of earth crumble, and in the spring there will only be leveling or, if necessary, surface digging of the soil

Some gardeners believe that digging has a bad effect on the fertility of the soil, affecting the vital activity of bacteria and earthworms, thereby violating the natural balance. Therefore, they pour on the soil a thick layer of unripe or ready compost that has reparted manure or peat, allowing worms and other organisms to develop in soil enriching material. Seeds are sown in compost and mulch is added as the plants grow. Undoubtedly, this method minimizes labor costs, but requires a considerable amount of compost and manure. Perekopka, although more laborious, but cheaper, and it has been established that the yield of some crops has increased significantly when the soil is treated to a depth of up to 90 cm. In addition, in virgin, overgrown, uncultivated or long-untreated soils, digging is an indispensable way of cultivating the soil.

An alternative to digging on well-cultivated, humus-rich loose soils is to cover the surface of the beds after harvesting a thick layer of foliage or raw compost. The soil will remain loose, well-moistened, and in the spring requires only loosening and leveling. Autumn rough digging in this case is ruled out

of the nose to the surface of the dead earth is fertilized with compost, manure, which makes it quite fertile. This operation is most often performed before planting the vines. There are various ways of digging, the most common of which is the single-stage, or simple digging. This method of digging is used almost everywhere. It is suitable for the treatment of most conventional soils with a sufficient depth of the cultivated layer, without compacted soles. In the process of single-level digging, the soil is treated to the depth of the shovel bayonet.

One-stage digging of the site begins by taking the ground out of the furrow deep into the bayonet bayonet and 30-40 cm wide along one edge of the excavated area( 1).The soil selected from the first furrow is poured onto the opposite side of the site( it will be used to fill the last furrow).If necessary, put manure on the bottom of the furrow and mix it thoroughly with the ground. The first furrow is filled with earth, taken out during the passage of the second furrow( 2).The earth is dropped from the shovel turning over, this ensures the burial of annual weeds. Carefully remove the roots of such perennial weeds as creeper grass, dandelion, sorrel, bindweed If part of the roots remain in the ground, the weeds will grow. When digging a site overgrown with grass, the turf removed by the shovel is thrown into the furrow and crushed there. Then dig a third furrow, turning and throwing the ground into the second( 3), etc. When the whole area is dug up, the land taken out by the first furrow is poured into the last one( 4).

Single-stage, or simple digging

A wide section is usually divided in half and starts the first furrow on one half of the plot, leaving the removed ground at the edge of the second half of the section from the same edge. The earth taken from the second furrow is placed in the first and , etc., and the last groove in the second half of the site is filled with soil taken from the very first furrow. The division of the plot into two halves will eliminate the need to move the soil from one end to the other. A more complicated and laborious way of digging is the two-level digging. With a two-level digging, the soil is treated to a depth of two bayonets of the shovel. This technology is especially effective in virgin lands and in the presence of a solid subsoil layer, which hampers drainage and development of the root system of plants. At one end of the site, a furrow 60 cm wide and deep into the bayonet's bayonet is dug out, as in a single-stage digging( 1).The selected land is placed along the place where the last furrow passes. After removing the soil from the first furrow, its bottom is loosened by the full length of the teeth of the garden forks. With pitchfork, the manure is embedded in the lower layer of the soil or organic substances are scattered from above.

Loosening the base of the furrow, fill it with soil from the next furrow, as in the case of a single-level digging( 3).In this case, it is necessary to turn the earth and remove the roots of perennial weeds. The transfer of a layer of soil 60 cm wide into the first furrow creates the next furrow, the bottom of which is also loosened by the pitchfork. All this is repeated until the site is dug to a depth of 50 cm. This method of digging improves the looseness of the soil layer without moving it to the surface,

whereas the nutrient top layer approaches the young roots of growing plants. A wide section is split into two halves, as in the case of a single-level digging. A special way of digging is to consider forks. Rocky and heavy clay soils are difficult to handle with a shovel. Instead, they use forks - an indispensable tool for loosening the bottom of furrows in a two-level digging and plantation. Working with pitchforks at all stages of digging is not justified, since they do not completely cut the surface of the soil with weeds, and besides, the particles of light soils freely slip between the teeth. However, forks are successfully used for cultivating the soil among growing plants and in the spring for crushing large clods dug and weather-beaten over the winter soil.

Technique of digging. Digging is a kind of art that you can master only in practice. However, there are several rules that allow not to make digging into tiresome work,

The spade should be kept vertically, the inclined position does not provide the required depth of digging. Stuck the shovel perpendicular to the furrow to facilitate the separation of the coma of the trapped earth and lift it whole. It is easier to work with an unloaded shovel - to take out small blocks of land, but more often.

Digging is expedient little by little, but regularly. It is better to process a meter strip of soil daily than to try to dig out the whole area at once.

It is necessary to dig the ground when it is easy to process, and not when it is covered with snow, frozen or excessively moistened.

Leveling

A compulsory operation is leveling, which refers to surface tillage. It is usually produced during spring processing, using a rake. When the soil is sufficiently dry, it is necessary to level its surface in order to reduce the evaporation of the water supplied by the spring melting of the snow. To do this, the clods of land that have been left from the fall are broken up and evenly distributed by rakes all the volume of soil along the site, at the same time, mineral fertilizers can be scattered and leveled together with the ground. Rakes with constant effort, smooth continuous movements lead back and forth, making sure that the teeth slip on the surface of the soil, not digging it. Pre-excavated soil is leveled

reciprocating movements of rakes first in one, and then in a perpendicular direction. Ramps usually lightly seed the seeds after sowing, shift the soil into furrows, collect leaves on the site, dry grass, last year's mulch, any garbage.