Vegetative reproduction of fruit plants

For fruit plants that have varietal characteristics, vegetative reproduction is the only way to reproduce a similar progeny. Usually, with this method of reproduction, the properties and attributes of the mother plant are fully preserved and reproduced, but in some cases, genetic changes are possible due to the appearance of the mutation phenomenon. Kidneys or shoots, taken from the mutated part of the plant, give rise to a new clone, so subsequently there is necessarily a clone selection. When vegetative reproduction of fruit plants can transmit viral diseases, so you need to carefully monitor the health of uterine plants. In nature, vegetative reproduction occurs naturally, but in the practice of horticulture artificial vegetative reproduction is used, the main methods of which are propagation by cuttings, proliferation by layers, division of the bush and grafting.

Cutting is considered as a method of direct vegetative propagation with the help of shoots or cuttings cut from a healthy plant of cultivated rock. Cuttings are parts of vegetative organs of plants and therefore can serve for their reproduction.

Cut - is a piece of green or lignified shoot with buds, used for vegetative propagation of plants, in particular rooting and grafting. Reproduction by of rooting of lignified or winter cuttings is an old way of vegetative propagation. The cuttings are cut from the lower part of the shoots of the mother plant, which are harvested late in the autumn, when the growing season is already over and the plant is at rest. Shoots for propagation can also be harvested in the early spring before the beginning of the growing season, but not in frost. The selected shoots should reach the state of maturity, but not completely stiffen, that is, they should not be too soft or too lignified, as the coarsened tissues will complicate the germination of the roots. Cuttings are cut into lengths of 20 cm, the incision is made above the kidney( eye) or under it. It is very important to follow the direction of natural growth of the cuttings, therefore, in order not to confuse the ends, the upper cut above the kidney is made straight, and the lower cut. The cuttings are harvested together, provided with a tag on which the grade of the plant is indicated, all the necessary information and the time of cutting the cuttings. Cuttings are placed with ends with sloping cuts in moist sand or light ground substrate and stored during the winter in a cool room. You can also store the cuttings wrapped in tissue or paper before spring rooting. However, when stored in sand or substrate on cuttings of cuttings during the winter, root tissue appears, which means that they will develop the root system faster.

1. In the late autumn, one-year-old, lignified shoots from the lower part of the uterine plant should be cut. Each shoot is divided into cuttings 15-20 cm long, making a cut under the kidney or above it. The upper cut is made straight, the lower cut, denoting the direction of growth.

2. Cut the cuttings together, provide a tag with the necessary information and place sloping cuts down into wet sand or light ground substrate. Keep all winter in a cool place.

3. The root tissue will form on the cut by spring.

4. In spring, cuttings are planted in the open ground and when planted, they are buried so that only two kidneys remain above the surface of the earth.5 - The stem gradually forms new roots and gives the first shoots. By autumn it can be considered a fully formed plant.

6. After that, the stalk should be unearthed, balanced trimming of the above-ground and root part and planted in a permanent place. After planting carefully, water the

mu and will move into growth. In spring, the cuttings are planted in the open ground, and for planting it is necessary to prepare a loose soil in which the cuttings will be easier to take root. When planting the stalk is buried so that only two kidneys remain above the surface. Care of cuttings is to maintain a constant soil moisture, necessary for the development of roots, and shallow loosening to improve access to oxygen. The cherry will gradually form a strong root system, move into growth and by autumn will develop into a strong viable plant. After that, it can be moved to a permanent place, but before planting it is necessary to produce a balanced pruning of the above-ground part and the root system in order to establish an equilibrium in the expenditure of energy and nutrients between the systems of the young plant.

Multiple fruit bushes, such as currants, gooseberries, barberries, blackberries and honeysuckle, propagate .The essence of this method is that the shoot is not separated from the mother plant until it takes root. There are different ways of multiplying by layers, and the choice here depends on the type of culture, the conditions of growth and the desired final result. One of the most common ways of reproduction of berry bushes is the propagation of by vertical leaves, which even got the name of classic layers. In spring, when the young shoots of shrubs reach the required height, they are hilled. The earth is raked to the base of the bush close to the shoots, falling asleep young stems to a third. When the embankment settles a little and lands, it is necessary to fill the earth, during the growing season this

Propagation by vertical layers

1. A brood plant used to produce vertical lines.

2. In the spring, young shoots of the uterine plant should be bored, sprinkled with a third of the earth.

3. During the growing season, build up

the height of the earthen mound so that by autumn the shoot has given more roots.

4. In the spring of next year, separate the rooted shoots from the uterine plant and plant them on a permanent place

operation must be done several times, gradually increasing the height of the mound. Being in the ground, shrub shoots easily develop additional roots and form a multi-tiered root system. In the spring of next year, the earth is shoveled from the bushes, carefully separated by the pruner the rooted shoots from the mother plant and planted on a permanent place. For the propagation of with horizontal layers in autumn, select young strong shoots from the lower tier of the uterine bush, which will serve as screeds, bend them to the ground, fix them with a wire or wooden hairpin, and lightly sprinkle the place of fixing the shoot with earth. To form additional roots and better rooting shoots in this place are watered throughout the season and monitor the constant moisture of the soil. After the emergence of young shoots, they need to be bored. In the autumn of next year, a part of the shoot with subordinate roots is cut off with a secateur and transplanted to a permanent place, a new young plant will soon develop from it, preserving all the signs and qualities of the mother.

The method of propagation of plants by air layers is of great interest. It has been known for many centuries in various countries of the world, where it has its names: Chinese layers, guta, potting layers, etc. The essence of this method is that the roots of a new young plant are formed on the aboveground part of the plant after the ringing or splitting of the stalk of the mother plantat a certain angle and wrapping the wounded place with a moist substrate for rooting. An indispensable condition for the effectiveness of this method is the

/. It is necessary to choose a strong well

fruiting shrub, differing

with bright varieties of

and quality of berries.

2. Well-developed young shoot

from the lower tier of the mother bush

to bend to the ground.

3. Secure the shoot with a wooden or wire stud so that it fits snugly

to the ground and did not straighten.

4. The next fall, the entrenched site of the shoot is cut with a pruner and transferred to the permanent place of

- a high level of humidity of the environment or increased humidity in the area of ​​the desired rooting. Most often reproduction by air layers is used in greenhouses, where it is possible to create an artificial mist mode. However, some

Propagation by air layers

1. A strip of bark 1-25 cm wide is removed along the circumference by a sharp knife selected for propagation. Escape is ringed. The surface of the ring and adjacent to it at a distance of 25 cm of the cortical areas are treated with a growth stimulant.

2. A moist moss of sphagnum or a nutrient earthen substrate is applied to the ringed site.

3. Escape the tightly wrapped polyethylene film and its ends are fastened with a rope or adhesive tape. To escape it stood exactly, it is tied to the neighboring branch of the

, the varieties of this method are quite applicable for the propagation of plants in the open ground in zones with moderate humidity. Particles are partially lignified shoots of last year, which are chosen for breeding in the spring. On the chosen shoot cut off all the lateral processes and at a distance of 15-20 cm from the top along the circumference remove a strip of bark with a width of 1.5-2.5 cm, depending on the plant species. From the bare surface, remove all the cambium to slow the healing of the wounded area. The ring with the removed bark is coated on the upper and lower edges with a growth agent to stimulate the rooting, the immediately exposed area can also be treated with a growth stimulant. Then a thick layer of moist sphagnum moss or a nutrient earth mix is ​​applied to the ring and wrapped tightly with a piece of polyethylene film so that the moss or mixture is completely closed.

The film will prevent the coating from drying out and maintain the constant moisture required to root the shoot. The joint of the sides of the film should be on the underside of the branch, and the edges are folded and bent. At both ends, the film sleeve must be tightly tied with a rope or adhesive tape.

In the old days;before the invention of the polyethylene film, the constant moisture in the area of ​​the ring cut on the shoot was maintained with a cord.

A clod of moist clay was applied to the cut, wrapped with mohrm and tied with bast. Above the clod was placed a vessel with water, from which the cord descended. The bottom end of the cord was wrapped in a lump on the cut, and the water constantly flowing over the cord did not allow the clay to dry out, it was necessary only to add water to the vessel.

Autumn in place of the ring cut, the root system is formed, and the root can be cut off with a pruner and transplanted. The time for separation of the outflow from the mother plant is determined by the state of the roots, the formation of which can be monitored through a transparent film. After separating the layer, it is necessary to prune the above-ground part of the new young plant to bring it into line with the volume of the root system. The rooted bunting should be planted in a suitable pot and placed in a cool place with a sufficient moisture level. Later, when the plant develops a strong root system, it can be transferred to the open ground.

An alternative to the sprouting of the shoot when propagating by air layers is the splitting of the shoot stalk. To do this, make an oblique incision length of 5-6 cm in the direction to the middle of the stem, then divide the surface of the cut with a sliver or roller from the sphagnum moss. Then wrap the shoot with moss, nutrient substrate and film, as described above.

Reproduction of by division of is the simplest method of direct vegetative propagation and with those fruit plants whose shoots easily give independent roots or form root offspring, it is practically painless. To do this, the expanded uterine bush is excavated from the ground, separated from it by entrenched viable daughter units, which are transplanted to a new location. The division is necessary for a number of reasons, the most important of which can be considered the following: the division of the bush is a good and reliable way of obtaining a tested planting material and, moreover, gives the uterus a stimulus for development and active stripping, that is, for the plant a health-improving exercise.

In the case of a raspberry that actively forms root shoots, the division of the offspring from a mother plant can be considered as a division to some extent and use them as a young planting material. To do this in early spring or autumn, young shoots - offspring - are dug out, cut off the aboveground part and transplanted to a permanent place.

The vaccination is a kind of indirect vegetative reproduction of fruit trees. The essence of the vaccination is to connect the cuttings or the kidney( eye) of the scion with the stock. As a result of the intergrowth and interpenetration of the tissues of two different plants, a new species appears, which in the future will probably be propagated only in a similar way - by grafting. The graft is called by copulation, uses scions for grafting, which are cut from annual shoots of healthy fruit bearing trees of cultivated breed, preferably on the southern side of the crown, where they are better formed. Shoots older than one year, as well as so-called water shoots are not suitable for copulation. Inoculation with the eye bud of the kidney is called oculization. For it, well-formed buds are used: cut mature cuttings from a healthy, strong maternal-

Raspberry propagation by

1 offspring. The root stalk is a special part of the root system, since it has a vegetative bud, from which a young shoot shoot develops.

2. The green offspring can be separated from the uterine shrub and transferred to another location.3 - One-year-old lignified scion can also be separated from the mother plant

and used as a planting material for the

plant of a cultivated breed, preferably on the southern side, then the most developed kidney-eyelets are cut out from the middle part of the scion graft.