Nephrology: Acute inflammation of the kidneys
Most chronic pathologies are the result of the outcome of an acute disease. Therefore, their complete and timely treatment is so important. For example, acute inflammation of the kidney in the absence of treatment almost always ends with the chronization of the pathological process
Kidney structure
This is important! Each single kidney( and there are only two in the body) is a parenchymal organ that looks like a bean grain. It( the kidney) has an elongated in the upper-bottom direction of the form with two surfaces: the front and back. Two edges. One has a convex outline. This is the so-called outer edge, It is the kidneys facing the outside. The inner edge faces the spinal column near which, or more precisely - on both sides of which the kidneys are located.
Internal structure of the kidney:
- The capsule of the kidney is a film of connective tissue that almost completely covers the organ. Only in the area of the renal sinus it passes into the ureteric membrane. The thickness does not exceed a few millimeters.
- Parenchyma. The main part of the organ. It consists of two layers. This is a cortical substance. It is located immediately under the capsule in the form of darker sections of the stroma. It is located evenly from one edge of the sinus to the other. On all extent, periodically from a cortical substance there are original processes of a similar tissue. They go towards the renal sinus, for which they received the name of the kidney posts. The processes are located on both sides of separate parts of the brain( pyramidal) substance. For their form they received the name of the kidney pyramids.
- Renal sinus. Hollow areas located in the region of the concave edge of the organ. Here are the kidney pyramids opening into the pelvis from which the ureter leaves.
Causes of kidney inflammation and major inflammatory diseases
All causes of inflammatory kidney pathologies can be divided into two groups:
- Infectious causes. Relate to the most common. Various cocci( staphylococcus, enterococcus), bacilli( E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and other bacteria act as pathogens. Entrance gate for them serves as a ureter. It is through him that the infection from the lower urinary tract and bladder rises to the pelvis. One of the predisposing factors is hypothermia and peristalsis of the ureter. By this mechanism, the most common inflammatory disease of the kidneys - pyelonephritis. It is rarely possible to hematogenous infection. That is by means of blood. But due to the nature of many pathogens they almost always cause inflammation of the sinus of the kidneys. It is possible that the kidney carbuncle can be caused by an infection that is hematogenous. Although, according to numerous observations, it is a complication of pyelonephritis.
- Non-infectious causes. This group includes autoimmune lesions of the kidneys. The essence of such diseases is that antibodies or circulating immune complexes settle on the basal membrane of the glomeruli. The fact is that they are not able to pass through the filter because of their relatively large, in comparison with other molecules, dimensions. After they settle on the membrane, a mechanism of autoimmune inflammation is triggered by means of certain chemical reactions. This mechanism is characteristic for the second sweat of the prevalence of inflammatory kidney disease - glomerulonephritis.
Acute inflammation clinic
All pathognomonic features depend on how the acute inflammation of the kidneys will proceed: symptoms and changes in laboratory tests.
One of the first signs is pain. It is localized in the projection of the kidneys. Most often has a constant aching or bursting character. Especially intense in pyelonephritis and carbuncle kidney. With glomerulonephritis, pain is less intense.
Pyrogenic reaction or fever. It begins almost immediately after the onset of pain and in a short period of time rises to febrile figures( 38 and above).The raised temperature keeps on all extent of disease. Even after the pain subsides, a pyrogenic reaction can take place.
Increased urination or polyuria, most characteristic of pyelonephritis. Since there is a direct irritation of the epithelium of the collecting tubules and the sinus of the kidneys. With glomerulonephritis, urination is not significantly increased.
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