Impaired renal function, what happens with such a pathology, the organization of treatment
The main functions of the kidneys are: the removal of metabolic products, the constancy of the water-electrolyte and acid-base state, which are due to blood flow in the kidneys, filtration in the glomeruli and tubules. Violation of these processes causes a violation of kidney function.
Symptoms of the development of the pathology of
Although the symptoms of kidney dysfunction in acute and chronic manifestations are similar, but these pathologies have different origins and differ significantly from each other.
In the development of acute renal dysfunction, the following symptoms manifest themselves depending on the period of the disease:
- The time of the initial impact of the pathology on the body when conditions are created that disrupt the normal functioning of the kidneys. The main signs of the pathology at the same time correlate with the primary disease - sepsis, blood loss, trauma and shock states.
- The period of anuria or oliguria. In oliguria, the daily volume of urine decreases to critical values, and with anuria, the urine output stops altogether. The duration of this period is approximately two weeks and there is an accumulation of urine in the body, enzymes, electrolytes, hormones, etc. Clinical signs at this stage are associated with damage to systems in the body, provoked by autointoxication. There are sharp pains in the abdomen, shortness of breath, vomiting, signs of impaired nervous system functions, severe drowsiness and sometimes with improper treatment there is a risk of coma. Also formed edema, which are initially found on the face and on the limbs, and then spread to the whole body.
- The period of diuresis normalization, which occurs two to three weeks after the establishment of renal dysfunction. Initially, the volume of urine is about 500 ml, and then diuresis is increased and the phase of excess urinary retention occurs.
- Recovery - with the passage of time, the kidneys work is restored, and accumulated toxins are released from the body, so the manifestations of intoxication recede, puffiness disappears and the work of the internal organs resumes.this period can take up to one year and longer.
Chronic kidney dysfunction is progressing very slowly for many years. Classify the two main clinical stages of the development of this pathology - conservative and terminal.
The conservative stage of chronic kidney dysfunction is characterized by a slow disability of the kidneys, which for a long time after the lesion is able to concentrate and excrete urine. The main symptoms of this stage are correlated with chronic pathologies that help the development of kidney failure. With the subsequent destruction of nephrons, the conservative stage flows into the terminal stage.
The terminal stage is characterized by the development of uremia, manifested by severe weakness, head and muscle pain, smell, taste, dyspnea, paresthesia of the hands and feet, skin itch, swelling, nausea with vomiting. The skin of the patient with uremia is covered with the finest coating and crystals of urea, and the smell of urine and ammonia comes from the mouth. Often, bruises and ulcers appear on the skin. Malfunctioning of the brain speaks of itself through mental disorders, drowsiness, or insomnia. Blood pressure also rises, hemoglobin concentration in the blood decreases, functioning of internal organs is disrupted.
Treatment of pathology
If there is no necessary treatment at the terminal stage, the patient may fall into a coma and die. In addition, death sometimes occurs due to disruption of the lungs, heart, liver and various infectious pathologies.
Initially, a disease that caused kidney dysfunction should be treated. Serious damage requires urgent assistance, which consists in the operation of restoring the affected tissue, intravenous administration of liquid to eliminate dehydration and in blood transfusion with its high losses.
This is important!
Operation is necessary to stop blockage of the urinary tract. The doctor prescribes diuretics to the patient to reduce fluid accumulation and increase urine production.
There are a large number of measures that are very important for recovery after an urgent operation. For example, sometimes you need a lot of fluid. Antibiotic drugs are sometimes prescribed for the treatment of additional bacterial infections, and they must be taken for the entire prescribed period. Medications that lower blood pressure are required at high blood pressure.
Sometimes glucose, sodium bicarbonate and other substances are injected intravenously to maintain the acid-base balance in the blood until the kidneys normalize.
Temporary dialysis or the process of artificial blood filtration is sometimes required before the moment of normalization of kidney function. There are several types of dialysis. In the organization of hemodialysis, blood is pumped to the artificial kidney from the body. There it passes the filtration and subsequently returns back to the body. Hemodialysis is carried out three to four times a week and the first procedure takes two to three hours and two days in a row.
This is important!
Peritoneal dialysis is occasionally used for the development of acute renal dysfunction. During the procedure, a catheter is installed in the abdomen, and a special liquid called dialysate is pumped through the abdominal cavity to remove toxic substances from the blood. If necessary, this dialysis is performed throughout the day.
With the development of symptoms of acute renal dysfunction. These include the following: decreased urine output, nausea, shortness of breath and swelling at the ankles.
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