Some design principles
With the spatial solution of the garden composition, regardless of its purpose, a number of general rules and design principles should be taken into account.
First of all, it is necessary to outline the very territory of the garden, to outline its boundaries in space. This is the first step in creating a garden space, for the design of which you are accepted. The main role in this play various types of fences, hedges, trees and shrubs along the border of the site.
Will share with you a garden of fun and sadness. He will help the artist of color, He will console the sadness of someone who is gloomy or in love. To the poet will give words, flight and inspiration. A sage in his shadow will find rest. ..
The space of a garden is largely determined by the ratio of free space and the height of its limiting elements. Therefore, one should not update a small area with a high blind fence or hedge, it will seem even more compressed from this.
For the same reason, it is not necessary to formalize the boundaries of a small section with tall trees, since the proximity of high objects will emphasize its small size. The garden is able to have a calming effect on the soul of a person, so it is necessary to create an atmosphere of isolation and intimacy in it, but one should not create a dull, enclosed space.
The art of decorating and decorating gardens and parks has always been of interest, and reached its heyday in XVII-HUNG it.in Europe. The well-known French writer Jacques Daniel devoted this topic to an extensive poem, which he called "Gardens". This outstanding literary work was the result of Delil's long journey through gardens, castles, estates of France. The poem was published in 1782 and was a huge success not only in France, but also in other countries of Europe and even in Russia. The principles of decorating the gardens, laid down by Delil, are classical and have not lost their significance even today.
Learning to plant gardens is a useful, necessary way. It is more necessary to teach them how to love them!
Jacques Detail, "Gardens"
: - The perspective of the garden should be as plastic as possible, in the foreground it is recommended to use a plant, construction or other design element capable of emphasizing the vertical characteristic of the space. The lower part of the outlook should be calm in terms of texture and color solution, the lawn or lawn in combination with the flower arrangement is best for it: - The illusion principle plays a huge role in decorating the garden space. Illusory impressions intensify the impact of real objects, hide unwanted features, distort the perception of space. With the skillful use of the principle of illusion, you can visually push the boundaries of space, and therefore make it larger and more spacious. So, for example, by decorating a fence with climbing plants or hiding it behind a bush, you can create the impression of unlimited space, leveling its borders. This is a successful solution to the spatial end of the garden.& gt;Zamufufirovannaya plantings or other: - brazier fence merges with the surrounding landscape, and the garden is perceived as a part of a large common space. The garden seems to dissolve in the surrounding open space.
It is necessary to create a visual relationship of the house on the plot with the greenery of the garden, for this you can plant certain trees and
shrubs in the immediate vicinity of the house or create a tier planting of plants in which low tiers will go directly to the walls of the house, moving from taller ones.
In the garden you can create the illusion of homogeneity, inseparability and fusion of buildings with green mass of plantations with the help of climbing plants, which are used to garnish the walls of buildings, braid them and make them a part of green plantations.
Color plays a significant role in the perception of space, for example, light color tones move the boundaries of space, make it optically more, dark, on the contrary, bring the perspective closer, visually reduce space.
The main elements that determine the composition of the garden are strict order, regularity, repeatability of individual elements, which creates harmony. The shape, height, sequence and interval between elements, color, texture, shadow, individual elements such as plants, stones, lawns, color spots, etc., as well as a combination of these elements can repeat. However, too frequent repetition can create a sense of monotony and predictability.
There is a remedy from the boundaries of your garden to release. Where can we see the end, there is no place for hope, And what pleased and delighted before, Bored suddenly and annoy us, Kohl rests against the blind wall of his eyes. Having removed il just hiding the fence, We will also add charm to the garden.
Those places on the site where several lines meet, for example, paths, borders of beds and lawns intersect, outlines of landings, paths go to the site, require special accentuation and decoration, otherwise the heap of lines can cause a sense of chaos. In these places it is recommended to plant ornamental plants, put a large stone, put a flower girl or an object of garden sculpture.
An important principle of the spatial solution of the garden is to create an equilibrium of the right and left parts of the composition, which must be of equal value, so that attention and sight do not shift from the general composition to one side. Therefore, it is necessary to plant large bushes and trees near the building or the entrance to the site symmetrically, so as not to disturb the composition. This also applies to the uniform placement on the site of any spatial objects, elements of a small garden architecture."The compositional center of the created space usually becomes the most expressive detail, which is called the dominant. The dominant organizes around the whole composition, being its spatial center and a kind of reference point. The dominant can be located both directly within the boundaries of the plot, and outside them. For example, a dominant tree can be a large tree in a field near the site. But most often when creating a garden space, such a dominant is created on the site, it can be a tree, curtain of bushes, an arch with climbing plants, a high flowerbed, a large plant with unusual foliage coloring, an object of small garden architecture, etc. In the composition there should be only one dominant, other objects of importance should not compete with it, otherwise the integrity of the composition will be destroyed.
Warning! It is important to remember that the dominant should be commensurate with the space to be created, otherwise it will suppress the created composition.
Pereinachish all reason in spite of, Unsuitable connect pieces - Although all individually and created artfully - Know, the whole will be absurd and tasteless.
JacquesDedel, "Gardens"
"You can not overload the composition with details, especially in a small space of the site, this clutters the panorama, deprives the composition of harmony and levels out the perception of each of the objects. The main criterion for creating a garden composition is the selection and placement of details and design objects, in which they are not lost, do not hammer each other, but, on the contrary, complement and emphasize.
It is important not only to correctly determine the dominant of the composition and place objects on the site relative to it, but also skillfully choose the place from which the best view of the site opens, place there an arbor, a place for rest or simply put a bench. The panorama of the garden should be open in the front, have a certain center, compositional details and background in the background. To select the point from which the most favorable view opens, the foreground of the panorama should be slightly narrowed by planting trees or shrubs, after which a limited view of the panorama can be decorated with a pergola or bench.
In small garden plots the panorama is very limited, therefore the central part of the yard should be sufficiently open for viewing.
"-Objects that undesirably attract attention to the site and crushing the compositional unity of space, should be" suppressed. "Such objects may be necessary, but apparently unattractive structures, compost pit, etc. They can be hidden and neutralized in the composition with the help of climbing plants or planted in front of them bushes, trees, tall flowers that block these objects from view.
How many, striving to boast before all, The originality of neighbors hit, Hurrying to acquire and immediately set up the buildings of all countries and all the peoples of the world, Chaos only create. How irrational it is! It is impossible on a small garden space,
in a narrow frame All immediately put - arbors, grottos, locks. ..
JacquesDelil, "Gardens"
"When deciding on the organization of the garden space and creating a certain composition, it is necessary to take into account the size of the site and the features of its shape. The shape of the space being mastered plays an important role in understanding the type of design. Narrow, elongated sections are better to divide across into small spaces with the help of pergolas, trellises, decorative walls. The paths in such a garden should not be straight, going along the border of the site or at its center, this only enhances the impression of the length of the site. Tracks on a narrow section must be curved, changing direction, opening visual prospects.
"If the site is located on a hillside and has a natural slope, plantations should be placed in such a way that they emphasize this feature of the terrain. The house is usually set at the top of the slope, so the panorama opens down, and you need to correctly express its dynamics. To do this, large trees and shrubs are placed closer to the house, so that they strengthen the vertical proportions of the relief, low-growing shrubs are placed in the foreground of the panorama. If the house is located in the lower part of the slope, tall trees and shrubs are located in the upper part of the plot sparingly, and in the immediate vicinity of the house they leave the stunted species, making their planting quite dense.
"Modeling the space of the site involves the creation of several autonomous spaces, harmoniously integrated into a single whole by a common compositional concept. Spaces can be clearly separated and even to some extent isolated from each other by large dividing elements such as shrubbery, dense hedges, extensive trellis and tapestries. On the other hand, the boundaries between individual parts of space can only be outlined, visually marked with small design elements placed on the border of adjacent spaces. The role of such elements can be performed by a large boulder, a flower girl, a garden vase, a sculpture, a picturesque snag, a low bush, a group of flowers, etc.
Where is the climb, then the descent - and the eyes are pleased with the landscape that along the way changes more than once.
Extensive spaces need to be divided into large areas, small spaces - into small spaces. The role of elements visually dividing the garden space is performed by pergolas, arbours, trellises, stone walls, plantings of an eagle of tall plants, arches, etc."The individual areas within the site should be different in size, this relieves tension in the organization of the space and brings a quiet variety."
Any kind of garden is good because it corresponds to its owner. Be careful not to put the elegance and casualness of the
with the parade thoughtlessly.attractiveness and freshness will be there;: - Nature itself will put everything in its place, And everything will harmonize with natural harmony. ..
" The composition of the garden can be diversified and made more plastic, the modelovav on the site of different levels. The level difference already in itself delimits space, allocating its independent zones. Each of the formed levels has its own specially designed surface, the combination of which visually enlarges and enlivens the overall surface of the site. For optical expansion of the garden area, there are also small hollows, gently sloping potholes, raised above the general level of the earth's surface, small stone walls that serve as a support for the slope.
When separate parts of the garden are at different levels, this allows for a small area to create a different in nature of the
garden areas, without violating its compositional integrity. In addition, such a fragmentation of the territory allows you to see the elements of the composition from different heights, which enhances the impression produced by the garden. A natural slope on the site can be an ideal place to create a rock garden, a hollow will be suitable for creating a pond, and on a flat surface that connects them you can break a lawn. Variation of differently designed surfaces creates a sense of naturalness and makes your garden a model of the diverse external world of nature at its best.
The appearance of any garden depends on the taste and capabilities of its owner. Creating your garden, decorating and ennobling it, you should not strive for imposed or unattainable samples, it is much more important that your garden is harmonious, it would be convenient for you to work and relax in it, so that you feel comfortable and calm. Therefore, it is most reasonable to rely on your taste, imagination and knowledge of the basic laws of design and creation of a harmonious space.
When we look at the garden, it seems to us a combination of lines, color spots, different shapes, light and shadow. A well thought out layout will help make this combination harmonious and will enhance the aesthetic impression of each of the factors separately. The artistic decision of the natural space of the garden should be based on the perception of the garden as a whole.
Elements of the design of the site
Fences
A fence or a fence is more than a simple land plot restriction. Fence of your land - a multifunctional building. First of all, the fence separates the site from the common space, spends its boundaries, separates it from neighboring areas. In addition, the fence provides isolation of the territory, preventing unwanted entry into the area of animals and strangers. But in addition to the role of the space barrier, the fence has another design and psychological significance. The garden is a place where you can relax your soul, relax and free yourself from the mental strain of everyday life. The secret is that as a result of the effect of the closure of the garden space there is a feeling of a securely protected privacy. An illusion is created that, as a result of the boundaries of the garden, the outside world remains behind the hedge. Due to these vertical barriers, there is a sense of garden space. In appearance, color, density, height, the fence should be combined with the overall design concept of the site, completing and supplementing it, and also fit into the environment of this site.
The type of fence depends on the requirements of the design, your personal tastes, the size of the plot( in a small area you can not build a solid solid fence), as well as your capabilities. Material for different types of fences can be stone, brick, wood, metal mesh and wire.
Walls
Stone and brick walls - the most durable and durable of all types of fencing. The necessary stability of the walls provides a concrete foundation. For masonry, select the material that is combined with other structures. It can be brick, natural stone, small cement blocks, etc. The expedient height of such a fence lies in the range of 1.5-1.8 m. The depth of foundation laying depends on the type of soil, in addition, its size should be such as to withstand the pressure of the wall. Sometimes it is required to strengthen the fence with pillars. For masonry, a lime mortar consisting of 1 part of cement, 1 part of lime and 5 parts of sand is prepared.
The erection of walls is rather expensive, but it is possible to reduce the cost of building a few if you make brick walls and then cover with more expensive building material. You can also use the already used building material as the basis for the wall.
Wooden fences
Fences are much cheaper, more economical than solid fences, and because of the small size of the plots they are much more common. Wooden fences are quite simple in execution, practical and perfectly fit into the environment. With a few exceptions, preference is given to blown, not smooth fences. Solid fences block the way to the wind and create turbulent air currents that damage plantations.
There are many types of fences. One of the most common forms of wooden fence in the central strip of Russia is traditionally the fence. It is light, natural, elegant, economical enough and provides good ventilation of the site, without creating in the immediate vicinity of itself the turbulence of air currents. Such a fence consists of bearing elements ( posts and attached to them tears) and crates, which is made of racks, narrow planks, round fences. Wooden posts are made of logs or timbers, the lower end of which is treated with an antiseptic agent, which prevents decay, resin, burns, is wrapped with roofing felt or roofing material, and the upper end is treated on a bevel so that rainwater drains from it or protected with roofs from boards. Wooden fences are located at a distance of 2.5-3 m from each other. It is not recommended to increase the spacing between poles, otherwise the whole structure will lose its stiffness and strength, and it will be possible to reduce it if necessary. The posts are buried in the ground for 50-70 cm to provide the fence with stability. Round pillars should be up to 20 cm in diameter. Pits for round columns of small diameter are drilled in the ground with a hand drill to a depth of 70-90 cm. Large diameter columns are installed in pits with a depth of 50-70 cm with obligatory burying of crushed stone or broken brick. To do this, put a pillar in the prepared pit and cover it almost to the top with rubble stone, rubble or broken brick. The filling is compacted on all sides around the column. The upper part of the butane must be fixed with a cementitious screed, pouring on top with a solution. Within a few days there will be a natural shrinkage, and the pillars are firmly fixed in the ground.
To prevent the rotting of wooden poles, especially those in the ground, they must be pre-treated with special substances - antiseptics. The simplest and most affordable - 10% - a solution of copper sulfate( 1 kg of vitriol per 10 liters of water).The solution is heated to 100 ° C and poured into a barrel, where the ends of the pillars are then lowered to a depth of 70-80 cm. The pillars of the dry tree are kept in solution for 3 hours, from the moist one - 6 hours.
Support posts are placed on the side of the site so that they are less visible from the street and the fence looks more decorative. Creep to the wooden posts are fixed horizontally. They are made of thick boards or a beam of
with a section of 50 x 80 cm and fastened to the posts with the help of cuttings and linings. Two slips( upper and lower) are placed at a distance from each other and wooden strips are nailed vertically to them. The slats are fastened 5 cm above the ground level with a gap between them to protect them from rotting. To make the fence look beautiful, the posts and vertical bars should be approximately the same in height. The top ends of the fender rails can be given a special shape, or you can create a common fence pattern, for example, sawing a fence with different levels or waves. In such a fence you can make "windows" and decorate it with various overlaid drawings.
Make a fence It's not too difficult. On the cord tightly tied at the level of the upper end of the fence between two supports, spaced from each other by 2.5 - * - 3 m, nailed the laths, using a specially made template. The pattern consists of a board that is equal in width to the gap between the fence, and the bar, nailed to the board at a right angle. The length of the board should be almost equal to the length of the fence, the length of the bar is 40-50 cm.
The fence should be painted with oil paint for exterior work. Painting protects wood from decay and gives it an elegant appearance. Instead of paint, you can use special transparent impregnations and mastics that preserve the natural color of the tree, protect it from bugs and putrefaction, and also possess a preservative effect. It is recommended to apply an additional layer of paint or coating to the beveled faces of the wooden fence parts.
Installing the
fence pillars 1. Large diameter poles, as well as pillars of timber, are buried in the ground for 50-70 cm, which is approximately 1/3 of the average height of the fence. For this, it is necessary to excavate the pit in the with the required depth and volume.
The upper ends of the fence can be variously decorated, which will revitalize the general appearance of the fence
In addition to the already described fence, there are many varieties of wooden fences. If your site is large enough, a fence of 1.5-1.7 m high from narrow boards fixed horizontally between the pillars will look good. This is a fairly tight fence, the spacing between the individual boards is half their width. This fence perfectly performs protective functions, hides the site from prying eyes and effectively extinguishes the wind, without creating, however, turbulent air turbulence. The frequency of placing the pillars depends on the length of the boards, but the intervals between the poles should not be too large to prevent the boards from sagging. The boards are nailed to wooden posts, making as many parallel rows as the required fence height requires. The last
board 2. Place the pillar in the pit, fill it with rubble, rubble stone or broken brick and compact the backfill around the pillar. Top for screed pour cement mortar, prepared in the right proportion
Fence structure from the fence
The drawing shows the average size, the most optimal for this kind of fence. They can vary depending on the height of the fence. The distance between individual ties is usually one width of the spiket or half of it.
The upper edge of the picket can be cut out by pattern, giving it a waveform. This style makes the view of the fence especially light, consonant with the smooth lines of the surrounding vegetation.
One of the options of the fence device is the installation of the upper horizontal bar on the upper edge of the pins. In this case, there is no need to install the second one, and the fence acquires originality.
Wooden fence with horizontal fastening of boards
The design is simple, rigorous and highly functional. For the fence to look neat, and the severity of the lines was not violated, the boards should be driven accurately, observing the interval between them, equal to about half the width of the
board is attached almost level with the top end of the post. After the construction is completed, the fence should be painted with oil paint or covered with a sealing mastic, which protects from decay and ensures its durability. Very original looks a fence of narrow racks or a thin non-skirted roundwood, which can be placed by ledges and used in a terrain with a clearly defined slope. The principles of its construction remain the same as for other types of wooden fences.
The construction of wooden slats and a rounded round log must be covered with paint or protective compound, a non-cut round log or poles can not be processed for several years. The bark itself will protect the tree from decay and mold.
Fence from thin racks or round timber
Such a fence is inexpensive and simple in execution. Thanks to its openwork structure, it never creates an absolute shadow, and plants planted even in the immediate vicinity of the fence do not suffer from lack of lighting.
A low fence with horizontal fastening of wide boards
Fences of this type are made low, the optimal height is 50-70 cmFrom the ground to the bottom board leave a gap of 5-7 cm, the boards are fastened with nails to the pillars of the
. The picturesque wattle fence is a beautiful onopoi for curly flowering plants, which, by braiding it, create live motley sheawe
fence style "ranch" makes sense to do on large areas of space, such as an orchard. The best material for such a fence are wide untreated exchange or spruce boards of
. The hunting fence, of course, can not serve as a reliable protection of the site, it only visually marks its boundaries. Be can be used for internal delineation of the territory of the site, registration of the front garden
If the general style of the site allows, you can make a fence in the style of "ranch" from processed or untreated wide boards that are placed horizontally and & gt;nailed to the pillars with nails. Such fences are made low, not more than 2-3 rows of boards, and after the construction is finished they are painted or covered with a protective agent. A special kind of wooden fence is the wattle fence, in the name of which the process of its manufacture is reflected. Undoubted dignity of the fence can be considered its picturesqueness and cheap manufacturing. A wattle can be made from twigs and branches of wood;rocks that have good flexibility: vines, willows, hazel, etc. Branches can be launched horizontally, braiding pillars, or de-;Woven wicker filling on the frame or pillars and nailed to him three slips. Its charm also has a low openwork over the fence, which became known as a hunting fence.] It's difficult to explain the reason for the appearance of such a name, but this type of fence is still widespread. Hunting fence is a fairly lightweight structure that does not require massive pillars. To the small pillars nailed two parallel tears from above and from below and to them nails are fastened wooden strips of the type штакетин, converging at an angle. You can also use sawn lengthwise poles. Support posts are usually placed at a distance of 2-2.5 m from each other, the length of the pins or poles should be greater than the height of the pillars.
Metal fencing
Much more practical and durable is the metal fencing and fencing of the mesh-netting. Metal fences are usually made from ready-made spans of grids of various configurations, attached between brick or concrete pillars. Brick poles do not make it too bulky, they are put in 1-1,5 bricks, cementing together a cement mortar, prepared in proportion 1 part of cement, 10 parts of sand, 2 parts of lime. The pillars are laid on a brick or rubble foundation.
Brick foundation pillars make a section of 380 x 380, 380 x 510 mm and more. They are removed at 20-30 cm above the ground. The filling between the pillars is made of rubble or brick and is buried 15-20 cm. The filling width is 40 cm, of brick - 25 cm or 1 brick. Brick poles, depending on the design requirements, can be plastered, lined with finishing plates from any material or left in a natural form.
Columns of various shapes can be made of concrete, using as a form to fill form from planks, sheathed with sheet iron. It is advisable to produce several forms, each with 3-4 columns pouring in at the same time, given the rather long hardening period of the concrete.
It is not recommended to fasten the mesh fence to poles made of brick or stone. Massive poles are not combined with a light openwork net.
For the casting of poles, a mold is made of boards of thickness 2.5 cm. Four rectangular holes for a bookmark from are made in the mold: Combined fence with metal spans
You can combine elements of stone or brickwork and metal. Simple metal and elegant forged grilles are fixed rigidly( anchoring fastening) between pillars of concrete, brick and masonry. The wall is installed on a foundation with a depth of 80-100 cm. Posts and walls are made of brick, natural stone, plastered or lined with finishing materials. The higher the stone base of the fence, the greater the degree of protection from wind, the higher the noise absorption. Such a fence is very strong, durable and well combined with almost any style of registration of the
section of cutting strip steel with holes drilled in them for fastening bolts. The pieces of strip steel should be embedded in the poles in the places where the fence is fixed. Concrete poles with a cross section of 12 x 12 or 15 x 15 cm are made with reinforcement to increase their rigidity and strength. As a reinforcement, it is recommended to use a steel rod with a diameter of 8-10 cm. In the wooden form, reinforce it in the form of 2 steel rods and fill with a concrete mixture. The mixture is then carefully compacted, its surface leveled and waiting for complete hardening.
You can also make the reinforcement in the form of a frame. The frame is knit from reinforcing wire with a diameter of 6-8 mm, providing brackets for fastening. Poured into the form of a frame poured with concrete.
The pillars on which the gate is hung are reinforced with reinforcement, a metal pipe is inserted into the center of the masonry or reinforced by laying a metal mesh through 2-4 rows. Ready-made lattice spans of a metal fence( forged or made by other technology) are fastened between the support posts. The lattice of iron bars is very strong, transparent and light in appearance. It is an excellent support for climbing plants.
Very practical and simple to perform fences made of metal mesh-mesh. Fences from the wire mesh due to the openwork create the impression of no fence, especially when such a fence is painted in green tones. For fences use a galvanized or non-zinced wire mesh with cells 3 x 3-5 x 5 cm. The height of the fence is 1.5-2 m.
The wire mesh fence is better attached to pieces of steel pipes 2.5-3 m in length, with a diameter of 5-7 cm on a concrete base. Metal poles are very durable, that
extends the life of the entire fence in general. In the absence of pipes, the grid is attached to wooden or reinforced concrete poles. But in this case, the poles should be smaller: wooden - with a diameter of 12-14 cm, reinforced concrete - with a cross section of 10 x 10-11 x 11 cm. Metal pillars are afraid of water, which, getting into them and freezing in winter, can damage the pillar. Therefore, the pillars are filled with mortar, clogging in their upper part tarred wooden cork, or cover with lids. When using a solution, it is poured over a wooden plug crammed into the pipe.
For the installation of poles from pipes, holes of small diameter, 70-80 cm deep, are filled with a mortar of concrete with gravel in the proportion: 1 part of cement, 3 parts of river sand and 3 parts of gravel.
The low metal fence only visually separates the site from the surrounding space and its light tracery pattern looks unobtrusively against the background of the plants planted behind it.
Fence made of metal mesh-mesh
A mesh grader - is an inexpensive optimal solution and is recommended for use if you apply vegetation,for example in the form of a hedge, as an additional fringing element. Trees and shrubs soften the general line of the fence, remove its visibility. Such a fence performs well protective functions. The mesh-netting is installed on poles dug at a distance of 2 -2.5 m from each other and fixed by a horizontally stretched wire. Angle joints, end points and about 10 mandatory posts provide the necessary fastening. The mesh-netting fence should have a soil clearance of 5 cm
The underground part of the metal pillars is covered with hot bitumen, fused with coal tar. Also apply a mixture of thick coal and ethylene varnish in a ratio of 1: 1 or a thick coal tar and epoxy( 3: 1) with the addition of 20-30 % cement. Formwork is sometimes used to reduce the consumption of concrete on sandy soils. Pipes are buried in concrete hollow. To the upper ends they are welded with ears, staples or clamps made of wire or ordinary nuts, and draw a wire through them, to which the net is attached, so that it does not sag. In addition, in the middle of the pillars and at the ground level, the grid is additionally fastened with wire strapping.
For the protection of poles and mesh against rust, they are painted with paint for external work on metal or covered with a special varnish. The most suitable color for mesh fences is green( different shades).To ensure the stability of the fence at the corners, the supporting poles are supported by jibs - tilted columns. This is necessary in order for the supporting poles to withstand the tension of the mesh. If you consider a hedge not as an architectural and construction structure that also performs protective functions, but only as an optical barrier, an element that designates the boundaries of the site, you will be fully suited to various types of simple and elegant low forged metal fences. They can be of a very different configuration, have a variety of decorative elements, vary in height. Care for these fences is mainly to protect them from rust. For this, metal fences are painted with oil paint for external work with metal or covered with a special preservative varnish.
The required part of the fence is the gate and the gate. They are designed in the same style as the fence, so that their appearance, material, color, configuration correspond to the general appearance of the fence, do not violate its integrity. For a wooden fence, a wooden gate and a gate are made, and for the net - metal ones. For a hedge, the gate and gate can be both wooden and metal. The gate and gate must be strong, durable, easy to use. The gate is made of two gates, the width of the gate must be at least 2.5 m to enter the car and at least 3 m to enter when the truck is necessary. If, based on the image of your life, the gate is not necessary, you can provide in the fence one removable section of the correct width just in case to provide an occasional arrival of transport. The width of the gate is 80-90 cm, approximately the same as the width of the walkway from the gate to the house. If necessary, an electric bell can be made to the gate. The gate and the gate must open into the site, so as not to block the road or street.
The door leafs from the inside are equipped with locks and stoppers. To ensure that the doors do not spontaneously close, spring clips are used.
The posts for the gate should be slightly more massive than for the fence and gate;since they experience an additional burden, they need to be better strengthened.
Reliability and longevity of the work depends to a large extent on the quality of the foundations under the supporting poles. They are laid to a depth of 50-100 cm. The sinuses of the pit are covered with rubble, carefully compacted, and then concreted. The wooden frame of the gate leaf is made of bars measuring 5 x 10 cm, connecting them in the corners, and strengthening the structure with a diagonal bar. Collect the frames on the ground, hang without a crate. Ambarnye hinges are attached to metal and concrete pillars through wooden lining. Oblashku do after hanging the frame. The clearance between the ground and the doors of the gate and the gate must be at least 10-15 cm, so that snow does not interfere with opening them. The gate and the gate can be decorated with various details of decorative design.