What is the risk of vein thrombosis and how to avoid it?

Thrombosis of veins is the formation of blood clots inside the blood vessels that prevent its normal current.

This disease is serious and carries a danger to health and life, even when the severity of manifestation becomes less noticeable. The patient may even seem for a while that he has got rid of this disease, but it is not. It continues to progress.

Mechanism of formation

The main cause of the disease is a violation of the system of blood coagulation, a change in its consistency( it becomes more viscous).In some places, it stagnates, which contributes to the development of thrombi. Susceptible to this condition are those who lead a sedentary lifestyle, cancer patients and those that take various drugs that lead to blood thickening.

There are two forms of manifestation of thrombosis: superficial and deep veins. These diseases differ in symptomatology, treatment and their prognosis. The main danger of thrombosis of superficial veins is its ability to develop into deep vein thrombosis.

Thrombosis of superficial veins is manifested by redness, swelling, soreness and the appearance of seals along the veins. The signs of deep vein thrombosis primarily depend on the localization of the thrombus. Some patients have no symptoms, others may have:

• Pain in places of blood clots
• Pain during palpation along the course of the affected vein
• Edema
• Appearance of blue color in places of blood clots
• Vein swelling.

Not necessarily all symptoms of vein thrombosis will manifest together and immediately. Only edema is possible, or only some kind of arising pain. In any case, if anything from this list can be attributed to yourself - you need to immediately visit a doctor.

Thrombosis of the veins of the upper limbs happens much less frequently than the lower ones. The causes of this disease are considered chronic injuries of veins and their tributaries, as well as increased physical effort in the shoulder girdle. Recently, this disease can often be found in addicts, since constant injections also lead to the development of thrombosis.

Types of venous thrombosis

The most common thrombosis of the upper and lower hollow veins. The upper hollow vein is a vessel with thin walls that is surrounded by the aorta, trachea, bronchi and chest wall. Through this vein, blood is collected from the head, neck, upper limbs, upper half of the thorax. Thrombosis of the superior vena cava is manifested by swelling of the face, neck( tight collar), and both hands.

Most visible such swelling in the morning, in the afternoon become more mild. Some patients with cyanosis of the upper torso, including faces, complain of chest pain, headache, and rapid fatigue. When the trunk is tilted forward, such symptoms become worse. In addition, occupying a horizontal position, the patient feels a strong discomfort. With pain in the neck, especially when turning the head, also can be diagnosed thrombosis of the jugular vein.

Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, which is 10.7% of the total number of thromboses of the lower limbs and pelvis, is almost always characterized by bilateral lesions of the lower extremities. According to the clinical complication and its outcomes, this is one of the most severe manifestations of chronic venous obstruction.

Features of the course of this disease, as well as the syndrome of the superior vena cava, mainly depends on the level of occlusion of the vena cava. The patient has diffuse pain in the lower limb, inguinal region, buttocks and abdominal cavity, there is swelling, which extends to the genitals, buttocks and anterior abdominal wall.

The most severe forms of this disease are observed with a combination of occlusion of the inferior vena cava and obstruction of the hepatic veins. Thrombosis of the hepatic veins( Badd-Chiari disease) is a disease in which clots appear in the corresponding vessels, as a result of which their lumen partially or completely overlaps.

What are the causes of the disease?

1. Primary thrombosis of the hepatic veins, in which it is impossible to establish the causes of its occurrence.
2. Pathological conditions such as abdominal trauma, blood clotting disorder, pancreatic, adrenal and kidney tumors, lupus erythematosus, pregnancy, prolonged use of certain drugs and many others.

The disease begins suddenly and is manifested by intense pain in the right hypochondrium, the emergence of vomiting, an increase in the liver. In addition, the cause of a decrease in blood flow to the liver may be a thrombus in the upper portal vein. Treatment of portal vein thrombosis should be started immediately, since the outcome of this disease for patients is unfavorable.

One of the main causes of thrombosis is the lack of treatment of various diseases that give all kinds of complications. For example, thrombosis of hemorrhoidal veins, as a result of hemorrhoids, is manifested by constant pain in the anal canal, which is intensified after defecation, walking and sitting, as well as a feeling of discomfort, burning, itching and a sense of presence in the rectum of some foreign body.

A thrombosis of the large saphenous vein is a typical complication in varicose veins of the lower extremities. This disease is dangerous by the transition of a thrombosis from the superficial to a deep( femoral) vein. But already thrombosis of the femoral vein can lead to clotting of the thrombus and the emergence of pulmonary embolism.

Treatment of

The main treatment goals for this disease are:

1. Termination of thrombus growth.
2. Prevention of recurrent thrombus formation.
3. Prevent the occurrence of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery that occurs when a thrombus enters the lungs.
4. Prevention of development, the so-called postthrombotic syndrome, which manifests itself in the occurrence of pain, swelling, ulcers on the affected area of ​​the body.
5. If the patient has been diagnosed with vein thrombosis, the doctor will immediately begin treatment, while appointing a strict bed rest.

The patient can be used:

1. Drug therapy, which consists in the use of drugs - anticoagulants, such as heparin( intravenously administered) and warfarin( taken in tablets).The patient's blood clotting system is constantly monitored by a coagulogram.
2. Compression therapy, which involves the use of elastic bandages from a specially selected individually compression knitted fabric, is one of the main tools for therapeutic treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis, for example, thrombosis of the veins.
3. Implantation of a cava filter. If there are contraindications to the use of anticoagulants, a special device( cava filter) is used. This device prevents the migration of torn fragments of blood clots from the veins of the lower extremities into the vessels of the lungs, is established in the main vein of the patient's body( inferior vena cava).This is a kind of trap for torn off blood clots. The cava filter can be installed either for a certain period or permanently. The procedure of implantation does not require a long stay in the hospital and is performed under local anesthesia.
4. Surgical treatment. In cases of very late treatment for medical assistance without surgery, there is no way. In such cases, thrombectomy is performed( removal of thrombotic masses of large venous trunks), shunting or stenting of the affected segment of the vein.

If, after some time, vein thrombosis reappears, it means that the treatment only eliminated the symptoms of the disease, but not the cause. In this case, you need to visit a specialist again, to prescribe other procedures and preparations.

Diet

In the diet for this disease must include a large number of fresh vegetables and fruits, fiber, cereals, whole grains of bread. Also, it is not superfluous to systematically consume garlic, red capsicum, valerian root, ginger, hawthorn berries, vitamins A, B6, C, E, a complex of magnesium and potassium.