Nausea and vomiting
Vomiting and nausea occur in many pathological conditions and can lead to dangerous
complications. Nausea and vomiting are one of the protective responses of the body to various pathological effects. Vomiting and nausea complicate the course of many diseases, and severe vomiting can lead to dehydration of the body, loss of the necessary sodium and potassium ions for normal functioning and systems, which ensure normal functioning and can be dangerous for the body. In children, vomiting occurs more often than in adults.
Nausea is a premonition of impending vomiting, often precedes it or accompanies it. During vomiting there is an involuntary ejection of the contents of the stomach through the esophagus, pharynx and mouth.
Possible causes of
The causes of nausea and vomiting in a child can vary very much - from motion sickness in transport to a serious illness. In the diagnosis, it is also necessary to take into account the age characteristics of the child. So, the cause of wringing and vomiting in infants can be overfeeding, and diseases of the esophagus, and hereditary metabolic diseases. Vomiting in infants may occur due to
intolerance to carbohydrates or protein nutrient mixture. Therefore, it is necessary to transfer the baby to food with another mixture( soy or on-based casein), which can be recommended by a doctor.
infection of the gastrointestinal tract( viral, bacterial, parasitic)
This is one of the most common causes of nausea and vomiting. As a rule, the disease begins acutely - with an increase in body temperature, the appearance of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. The severity of intestinal infections can range from mild to severe. In children early in life, acute intestinal infections are more severe, because children of this age group get dehydrated faster when they vomit. Therefore, in order to avoid this formidable complication, should immediately call a doctor at home.
Food poisoning
Occur when eating food containing pathogens or their toxins, or other substances of a non-microbial nature that are poisonous to the body. They are not transmitted( non-contagious) from a sick person to a healthy person. It is characterized by a sudden onset and a short current. Vomiting brings some relief and is often combined with diarrhea. Along with this, there may be a fever, a headache. In the case of long-term use of harmful substances( pesticides, lead, etc.), which may contain
in food, food poisoning can also proceed as a chronic disease.
Preventive measures of food poisoning include:
storage of products and finished products in the cold and compliance with the timing of their implementation;
• sufficient heat treatment of cooked products.
Common infections
Often the cause of nausea and vomiting can be an infectious disease, accompanied by fever and not affecting the gastrointestinal tract itself. These include infections of the ENT organs, pulmonary, urinary, infections of the central nervous system.
Surgical diseases
Vomiting is a common symptom of diseases requiring surgical intervention, such as appendicitis, intestinal obstruction caused by worms, acute peritonitis. Typical signs of an acute abdomen are a combination of vomiting, sharp pain in the abdomen and tension of the abdominal muscles( anterior abdominal wall).
Central nervous system disorders
Functional CNS disorders such as increased intracranial pressure( encephalitis, hydrocephalus), craniocerebral trauma, and
can cause vomiting. As a rule, this is vomiting of the central origin, which occurs when the intracranial pressure increases. With a concussion of the brain, vomiting is also possible.
Neuroinfections are viral and bacterial lesions of the brain. They are accompanied by headache, general weakness, fever and stiff neck( passive flexion is impossible because of the tension of the muscles that extend the head).
pressure
Vomiting with increasing intracranial pressure is not associated with eating, it is usually not combined with abdominal pain, but with headaches, it is meager and does not bring appreciable relief. It often occurs in the morning.
Taking medications
Some medications may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting( erythromycin, theophylline, etc.).
Psychogenic causes of
Psychogenic reasons include negative emotions, bulimia nervosa, anorexia. It is most common in children in adolescence. The habitual( psychogenic) vomiting, which lasts for many years
and does not lead to somatic disorders, occurs in some neuroses and psychopathies( for example, hysterical vomiting that occurs in stressful and conflict situations, and habitual vomiting is the expression of suppressed emotions).
Neurotic vomiting is more common in older children. If a child is forced to eat, the usual vomiting can appear not only in the breast, but also in the preschool age. Sometimes a child just needs to look at the food to vomit. Predisposing factors of nausea and vomiting are adolescence and gender. Vomiting often occurs in children, especially in the age group of adolescents( 10-14 years), and with age its frequency decreases.
Diseases and abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract disorder
Nausea( or vomiting) can be a symptom of stomach diseases( gastritis and gastroduodenitis), peptic ulcer, bowel disease, dyskinesia of the biliary tract, etc. More characteristic of school childrenage. The anomalies of the development of the gastrointestinal tract include congenital diseases.
Migraine
Nausea followed by vomiting is accompanied by intense, pulsating headache, lasting from 4 to 11 hours.
Syndrome of autonomic dystopia
Nausea and vomiting may be present in autonomic dystonia syndrome.
Glisten
Nausea and vomiting may occur in the morning and are combined with other symptoms( loss of appetite, general weakness, etc.).
In case of food poisoning, it is necessary to wash the baby's stomach.
Gastric lavage technique
In case of food poisoning and insufficient spontaneous vomiting, give the child to drink several glasses of warm alkaline water( Borjomi), or a solution consisting of 2 tea spoons of salt or baking soda for 1 liter of boiled water.
Then put the child across the bed so that the head hangs from its edge. Put a large pelvis on the floor( for vomit).
Insert a finger in the mouth deep into the mouth, to the base of the tongue and move it for a few seconds, so that the baby starts to choke and has spasms in the stomach. Do everything quickly and confidently!
Flushing should be repeated until clean washing water appears, but at least 3 to 5 times.
Frequent drinking
The child should be given to drink frequently( every 10-20 minutes) and gradually( 30-60 ml).As vomiting decreases, the amount of fluid must be increased.
It is not recommended to give a child a cup with a large volume of fluid, because after vomiting the baby will feel thirsty. He can drink plenty of fluids and
thereby provoking repeated vomiting.
Clinical Symptoms
Clinical symptoms by which parents can themselves assess the severity of dehydration in a child are described below.
For frequent vomiting, fever and diarrhea, call an emergency doctor without delay.
Hospitalization of the child will depend on the severity of the condition, the degree of dehydration of the body and the age of the child in acute intestinal infection. Mandatory hospitalization in case of acute surgical disease and in the case of craniocerebral trauma in a child.
If vomiting was caused by medication, you must immediately cancel it.
In the case of a mild form of gastritis, the appointment of diet therapy will follow, and subsequently the administration of enzyme preparations( festal, panzinorm) and preparations that restore intestinal function( vitaflor, lactobacterin) may be followed.
When food poisoning - washing the stomach to clean water.
In cases of vomiting of psychogenic origin, you should seek help from a doctor-psychotherapist.