One-year-old child
The third half of life can be characterized as a transition period. A one-year-old kid, in the words of the great Russian physiologist IM Sechenov, "armed with the ability to watch, listen, touch, walk and control the movement of hands. .. enters the era of a freer and independent society with the outside world."
The rapid growth of the child was completed in the first year of life, where each month there were certain stages. The kid left the cradle, but has not yet risen firmly to his feet. In accordance with this regime of the day, nutrition, educational activities are dynamic. They seem to be adapting to the transition period. Moreover, its severity and duration depend on the growth rates of children, heredity and environmental factors. At the beginning of the second year, the regime moments are still not significantly different from those at the finish of the first year, and by the age of one and a half they already have new qualitative characteristics. The features of the mass and length of the body at birth during this period no longer affect the development of children. Small children overtake large peers. Among the one and a half year old children, it is very difficult to identify those who were born prematurely.
In the first half of the second year of life, children grow by 6-7 cm, their mass increases by 1-1.5 kg. These fluctuations depend on the characteristics of the physical development of children and their sex.
According to the Belarusian Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, the basic standards for the development of children in 1 year 6 months are as follows: length of boys - 80-86 cm, girls - 78-84 cm;the weight of boys is 10.2-12 kg, girls - 9.6-11.2 kg;the chest circumference in boys is 48-49 cm, in girls it is 46-48 cm. These sizes will be smaller for girls than for boys, right up to the period of puberty.
In the third half of the year, children gradually master a confident step even on an uneven surface. They start to like moving games. They try to climb chairs and tables. They are interested in the opportunity to climb onto the windowsill, in the bathtub, the sink and in any other previously available space. The child wants to take everything in his hands, touch, look at. This natural process of knowing the world always causes great anxiety among parents. They constantly stop the child: "do not touch", "do not take", "do not grab", "do not go", etc. But meanwhile it is necessary to encourage these actions of the baby. For the sake of safety, valuable valuable items, stitching, cutting tools and appliances, utensils, medicines and household chemicals should be removed for a while. Children try to give the ability to move and subjects that are deprived of this opportunity. Therefore, they push, drag and drag most of their toys, for example a doll, a house, a pyramid, etc. They not only throw and push the ball, but also try to catch and hold it. The child, taught by the daddy, tries to "kick off" the ball himself. Moving games alternate with quiet, when the kid quietly and concentratedly plays with his toys: he puts on wheels, puts pencils, - makes his first attempts to deliberately disassemble the toy into main components. He likes leafing through picture books. He already has his favorite and unloved images. He is able to recognize the photographs of his closest relatives. In the room it is necessary to allocate a corner for quiet games of the child. However, it should not be turned into a toy store, as their abundance dissipates the attention of the baby. In addition, it is very difficult to maintain order in this corner and teach the child to preserve it himself. It is desirable that the child played simultaneously with not more than two toys. Periodically, they need to be changed, and the toy store is removed away.
The child must be trained so that he remains alone in the room. This is easiest to do when the kid is addicted to the game. Staying close to adults brings up in the child the fear of being left alone. This fear at first is quite natural and easily overcome by the praise of the child for the shown independence. Gradually, the periods when the child remains alone, lengthen, and he tolerates the absence of parents without worry and fear. If this is not done on time, the child will have to take with him in any weather, exposing him to the danger of unnecessary contacts, street trauma, fear or unexpected situation, etc.
During this period, the child's sensible motor skills increase. He already knows well what he needs to do when changing clothes, taking the appropriate pose at the same time. When undressing, he takes off his cap and socks.
Almost from the beginning of the second year it is recommended to accustom the child to a handkerchief. It should be put in the baby's clothing pocket and used when it is necessary to wipe his nose. From the third year the child will already use it himself.
The understanding of adult speech is noticeably increased. The baby himself still talks little and with pleasure replaces words with gestures, facial expressions or special sound designations that only parents understand well. The reserve of words for the half-year is increased by 7-8 times, but these words are simplified, not even developing into primitive phrases.
In this half-year the child has his first molars and he learns to chew food. But this still does not allow significantly expand the baby's diet due to cooking.