Care of young plantations of grapes
Before entering full fruition( before the age of four), plantings are considered young. The main task in this period is to create a powerful root system and an aerial part in plants, and also to form shrubs according to the adopted form.
The more powerful and deeper the root system, the more developed the plant, the higher and more stable the harvest of grapes.
It should be remembered that young plants tend to lag in autumn with the completion of their growth and ripening of shoots, as a result of which they are more sensitive to wintering conditions. Therefore, the important task of caring for the vineyards of the first year of life is to force their growth at the very beginning of the growing season. From the second half of summer and especially in the beginning of autumn, it is necessary, on the contrary, to help stop the growth of shoots for their better maturing. This is achieved by a complex of agrotech events.
Features of care for young plantings are as follows.
First year of vegetation. With the onset of warm weather( at an average daily temperature of 5-6 ° C), but before the buds begin to blossom, planting of plantings is carried out. At a delay with a delay of a break-up it is necessary to consider, that the swelled up eyes are very fragile. If white( etched) parts of shoots are exposed while opening the mounds, they are slightly covered with earth until they are rough, otherwise they can get burns. Place of vaccination should be open.
The soil is kept loose during the whole growing season. The soil is loosened after each rain or watering to destroy the formed crust. The purpose of these loosening is to control weeds, to prevent the soil from drying out and to facilitate air access to the roots. Mulching is of great importance in arid regions.
In the northern regions, in the spring, for warming the soil faster, holes are made with a diameter of 60-70 cm, a depth of 30 cm and the surface of the soil is covered with a transparent film( in June they are covered).Before the cover is covered with a bar, the bottom of the hole is dug onto the bayonet of the shovel.
Depending on soil moisture and irrigation method, 4-8 waterings or more( 1-2 buckets per plant) are carried out during vegetation. The first time watered a week after planting, the next - every 15 days in dry weather and 20 days - when wet. The last watering of the early varieties is carried out until the middle of July, late - until mid-August. Water better in the evening or in the morning. Before or after the covering, water-charging watering the bushes to the full saturation of the soil with water.
Plants are watered in several ways: in the hole made around the head of the bush, in a hole dug on the bayonet bayonet near the bush, tapping into the loosened soil, into the drain pipe( water is saved).After watering the pits are asleep, and the surface is mulched with manure, humus or peat.
For vegetation it is desirable to perform rolling( June) and if necessary top dressing with a slurry solution with the next watering.
If on poor soils there are signs of malnutrition, then liquid fertilizing with mineral fertilizers 1-2 liters of solution per bush. Prepare it from the calculation for a bucket of water 50 grams of ammonium nitrate, 200 g of superphosphate and 70 g of potassium chloride( can be replaced with slurry).
Development of roots: 1 - bush without rolling( prepared to remove roots);2 - bush with insulated with a cover of a tubing krossnemtamb
Slurry is prepared as follows. One part of the fresh manure is poured in two parts of water and fermented( at a temperature of 20 ° C the process lasts 10-15 days).The fermented mass before addition is diluted( 1 part to 5 g6 parts water).If a mother liquor is prepared from a bird droppings, it is dissolved in 7-8 parts of water.
Carry out the necessary measures for the protection of grapes. To prevent mildew disease, young bushes of unstable varieties are sprayed with a Bordeaux liquid, and against the oidium, pollinated with sulfur or sprayed with a suspension of colloidal sulfur.
Good care contributes to the strong development of plants( you can grow a shoot of 2 m in the year of planting), which allows you to begin work on the formation of bushes and speeding up the period of their entry into fruiting. Growing shoots are tied to a cola or trellis by the G-8.
Autumn to frost bushes harbor for the winter. In the northern regions, in less cold-resistant varieties, the growth is bent to the ground, covered with lapnik, on top with a wooden box, covered with sawdust, leaves, straw or a botanic layer up to 20 cm, and then with a 25 cm layer of soil. In the southern regions of the covering and non--20 cm( not only from frosts, but also from the drying of growth).
The second year of vegetation .The bushes are opened after thawing the soil. The delay in opening can lead to the ejection of the eyes. Having a well developed root system, they can give a big increase. During this period, special attention is paid to pruning, garters, that is, the activities on which the formation of the bush depends. Since a strong gain requires a garter, the trellis must be completed.
You can apply foliar top dressing in combination with spraying with pesticides. In this case, in a bucket with ready-to-eat poisons, urea and potassium chloride and superphosphate are dissolved. In the presence of microfertilizers, 10 g of boric acid and 2 g of zinc sulphate and manganese are added thereto.
Autumn in the bushes, sheltered for the winter, the growth is tied and laid along the row, preferably in the grooves. Bound vines are sprinkled with 5% ferrous sulfate solution to protect against mold. Before the shelter, opening the hole to a depth of about 20 cm, cut off the upper roots( spend rolling).In order to protect the vines from breakage, when opening, the flexible branches are inserted( closer to the ends of the connected vines) across them, the ends of which on both sides extend outward from under the cover shaft. Holding these ends, it is easy to remove the layer of earth and raise the vines without damaging it. The earth is used to cover the bushes in the middle of the rows, where for the winter they leave a hollow not more than 25 cm deep. In areas where winds are observed in winter, the soil freezes or the rains are freezing, a thin layer of straw manure or tops is laid over the entire lengthprotection of the shaft from erosion, weathering, excessive moistening and freezing.
The rest of the care work is the same as the previous year.
The third year of vegetation .The more favorable conditions of homestead plots in combination with skillful care provide strong development of bushes already in the third year of vegetation, as a result of which green operations are of particular importance.
This year, and if necessary and in the future continue or complete the formation of bushes. The rest of the work is the same as in the fruit-bearing plantations.