Retroviral of an adult tree
The need to re-equip an adult fruit tree can arise in any garden and can be caused by a number of reasons. One of them is the dissatisfaction of the grower with the grown variety, the need to plant a new fruit variety in the garden or the situation when the acquired variety was not what the gardener expected. In this case, there is no need to uproot the tree or plant a new one, it is possible to re-learn the already grown. In addition to resolving a difficult situation, perevprivik can increase the frost resistance of the most vulnerable parts of the tree - the stem and the base of large skeletal branches. When re-vaccinating varieties of apple and pear seeds, the incompatibility of the rootstock and graft is rare, with re-injection of stone fruits more often. Each group of varieties - winter, autumn and summer - has its own biological rhythms in the passage of the phenophase development and metabolism. Therefore, when grafting a variety with a long growing season, a serious disorder of the whole development is possible on the plant with an accelerated passage of the development phenophase.
Crown of the re-grafted fruit tree
Inoculations are made, on skeletal branches and the central conductor. The branches of the old variety are left in the crown to provide the weakened plant with the necessary metabolic products until it gets stronger and begins to synthesize the assimilation products themselves in full. Later such feeding branches are cut out on the
ring.
re-induction technique 1. Insert the pre-cuttings into the incision or into the rootstock to the rootstock so that the cambium of the rootstock and the scion closely contact each other.
2. Place the vaccine tightly with tape or other soft bandage to fix the cuttings.
3. Woven fabrics, which have injuries and wounds, must be covered with garden fumes to prevent the infection from entering the vaccination site.
4. Beginning of the shoot on the cuttings shows that the vaccine has taken root. From now on, you can remove the harness. After the merger of the cuttings with stock, the need for it disappears
simply replaced with new ones. At a young tree at the age of 4-5 years pereprivivayut immediately the whole crown. If the tree is older than 5 years, re-vaccination is done within 2 years. On young trees for re-vaccination, choose 3-4 most favorably located lateral branches, cutting them approximately half the length so that the site of grafting is at a distance of 40-50 cm from the trunk. On the central conductor, the graft site should be 30 cm higher than the graft on the uppermost branch. On trees older than 5 years, grafts are placed on the central conductor, on 2-3 branches of the second tier and on 3-4 main skeletal branches of the first tier of the crown. Skeletal branches intended for perevprivivki, cut with the rules of subordination of branches in the crown. Branches that are not subject to re-inoculation are greatly shortened, and the small ones are left without shortening, so that they continue to act as feeder branches, supplying nutrients weakened after re-inoculation. As the new crown grows, when there is no need for feeding branches, they are cut to the ring.
When rearranging a relatively young tree, it is important to follow the rules of subordination of branches, therefore, on the lower branches cuttings should be grafted at a height of no more than 100-120 cm from the soil level. The length of the left part of the branch of the old variety, starting from the trunk, must be at least 40-50 cm. If the distance is too short, the crown will grow thicker after the regrowth of the grafts and require a strong trimming. At a tree of any age, it is necessary to leave feeding branches located in the lower part of the crown, as they feed the weakened tree until the new variety itself begins to synthesize nutrients in its entirety.
Arrangement of the cuttings
The thickness and location of the skeletal branches of the tree, performing the role of rootstocks during re-injection, predetermines the number and location of the pruned cuttings.1. On powerful and vertically located branches, the cuttings cut
arbitrarily, their number can reach up to 4-5 pieces on one stock.
2. Two inclined cuttings are usually planted on inclined high-powered rootstocks.
3. On weak and thin branches one by one cuttings are placed on the vertical side of the stock
of diameter up to about cm are re-inoculated by the method behind the cortex or into a lateral incision, branches with a diameter of more than 3 cm are transplanted behind the bark or in the groove. Reprovision can be carried out by cuttings in spring and kidneys in summer during the summer active sap flow. Experience shows that shots with cuttings are more effective. The optimal time for vaccination is the phase of the bud extension for each fruit breed. Preparation of cuttings for re-vaccination is carried out from tested, well-developed high-yielding trees, not damaged by frost, pests and diseases. The timing of harvesting cuttings may be different, but usually they are harvested in November before the onset of severe frost and stored before vaccination in a cool room with a box of wet sand or sawdust. You can store the cuttings in the refrigerator by wrapping them in a damp cloth and film. Reprovision of adult trees is subsequently supplemented by the shaping pruning of the crown. The need to prune the next year after the re-vaccination is due to the fact that as a result of severe pruning before re-inoculation, the growth of young shoots from the reserve and sleeping buds is activated. Therefore, when pruning, it is necessary to remove all shoots that grew in the immediate vicinity of the site of vaccination, which is approximately 20-30 cmdown from it. Cut also strongly growing vertical shoots. In the same way, the remaining feeding branches are also treated, which will be completely cut out within 2-3 years. Pruned trees can be trimmed in late July or early August.
When copulating the crowns of adult trees, large sections of branches are obtained, which are re-cut with two or more cuttings. However, a new extension of the branch can serve as an escape from only one cuttings. Therefore, the next year on vaccinations that have two or more cuttings, one of the most well-developed is chosen as the main branch. The remaining additional grafted cuttings are necessary primarily to stimulate the early wound overgrowth or replacement in case of death of the main cuttings. Shoots on them should not grow too long, so that when they are removed, large wounds that weaken the plant do not form, so they are continually shortened, and then, after complete overgrowth, the wound is cut out onto the ring.
In the first years after inoculation, much attention should be paid to the condition of the slices and, if necessary, to update the coating with sealing materials, such as garden sauce.
Technique for perezvivivka
It is necessary to carefully inspect the tree, Designed for re-vaccination. It should be strong enough and developed, but not too old. The tree should be healthy, do not have damage to the stem and the bases of skeletal branches of the first order and have many strong lateral branches.
Set mentally the location of the cuttings for re-vaccination.
The central conductor should remain above the end of all other branches for 30-40 cm.
It is necessary to follow the laws of subordination of branches when re-pruning trees.
Cuttings on the lower branches should be planted at a height of not more than 100-120 cm.
The branches of the old variety must be cut off, leaving a certain part of the former branch. The length of the left part of the branch should be at least 30-40 cm in length from the trunk.
If the distance between the stem and the end of the old branch is too great, the branching between the vaccination site and the trunk increases.
With too short a distance from the trunk to the end of the left old branch, the crown after overgrowing of the grafts will be unnecessarily thickened, which will make a strong subsequent pruning necessary.
With a pruner or a garden knife, you need to cut out all the branches that are present on the gaps between the planned graft site and the trunk.
The site of vaccination should be prepared carefully, wiping the entire branch of the branch to the trunk with a clean rag, if necessary, rinse with water.
All branches should be cut off at the location of the cuttings. If a tree is more than 5 years old and its crown is wide enough, it is advisable to leave one branch for 1-2 years and not saw it. This branch will act as a feeder, contributing to assuring the plant with assimilation products until a new, fairly powerful leaf canopy grows. In this case, the best growth will be branches of a new variety from kidneys on grafted cuttings and the best wintering of plants.
For perevprivivki most convenient methods such as inoculation for the cortex, vsraschep and lateral incision.
Pruning of fruit trees and shrubs