Crown formation
Pruning allows you to form the crown of a tree, taking into account the existing features of its habit, breed and variety, and also in dependence of
on the purpose of this tree and the size of the site on which it grows. Depending on the type and degree of pruning, it is possible to obtain various forms of tree crowns. The natural forms of the crown are maintained through the implementation of the so-called shaping pruning, which involves the periodic thinning of the inner parts of the crown and does not affect the old formed organs. Choosing the type of fruit tree crown is the first step in the process of crown formation. In gardening the most naturally improved in the process of pruning crowns, which in the form of preserving the appearance close to the natural. For high-stem fruit trees, a round cup-shaped or pyramidal sparse-tiered crown shape can be formed. The spindle shaped crown is usually formed for low-stems trees by shortening their semi-skeletal branches by regular pruning of the fruit shoots. There are also artificially formed, or decorative, crowns, common among trellis forms. They are also formed by regular pruning of fruit shoots on skeletal branches. The choice of the height of the stem for the fruit tree is predetermined by the local conditions of its growth and depends on the size and purpose of the garden plot. If the area of the site allows placing large-sized plants on it, under which it is possible to move freely, it is necessary to stop on high and semi-stems of fruit trees with a stem height from 160 cm and above. If the area of the plot is limited and the task is to place the maximum number of varieties and types of fruit crops on it, low-bent and even dwarf forms should be preferred.
The height of the tree fruit tree, cm
High-stitch160-180
Half-stitch120-140
Low-stitching 80-100
Basically any shape of the crown can be formed on the stem of any height, but here the question arises of practical expediency. For example, in high- and semi-stem fruit crops, it is not advisable to form a spindle-shaped or flat crown shape, and conversely, a sparse-tiered crown shape, which is a pyramidal silhouette, is suitable for almost all breeds of high, low and semi-stems fruit trees. Formation of the crown of fruit trees - the process is gradual, it takes place in several stages.
Pruning fruit trees is a complex art of managing the life of a tree. With the help of partial or complete removal of individual shoots and branches from the crown of the fruit tree, it is possible to form a strong skeleton of a tree with a uniform arrangement of branches in the crown, create good conditions for the development of all branches without infringing them by each other or creating compelling competition. With the help of competent pruning, it is possible to create conditions for the early introduction of the plant into the stage of full-fruited fruiting, to reduce its periodicity and to obtain optimal yields for quality breeds for the breed, variety and age of the plant.
The initial stage of the formation of the crown of any fruit tree begins already with pruning a young seedling. The need for in pruning occurs in the first year after the tree is planted, since during the extraction of seedlings from the nursery a part of the root system is inevitably removed, the remaining part is not able to fully provide all parts of the plant with water and nutrients. As a result, there is a physiological imbalance between the underground and aboveground parts of the plant, which must be brought into line by primary pruning, which reduces the evaporation surface and ensures a normal intensive growth of the seedling. When pruning in the first year after planting, only well-formed and developed branches are left in the spring, from which the basis of the tree and the skeleton of the crown will form in the future. It is necessary to leave branches that grow under a straight line or close to a right angle, since they provide the strongest coalescence of the crown with the trunk. On the contrary, the branches that extend from the trunk at right angles must be removed, since in the future, under load under the weight of the fruit, they can break off. The upper branches are shortened by 1/2 or 1/3 of their initial length, the lower branches are shortened or left unbroken. Shortening shoots in seedlings involves the removal of apical buds that dissolve first and form leaves, which contributes to the early evaporation of moisture and the depletion of the young tree. Pruning of the young tree begins with shortening of the central conductor, which is cut so that it is 15-25 cm above the other shoots, the competing escape of the main conductor is cut out onto the ring.
grades Fruit tree height
1. High-stamping tree, height of the 1b0- 180 bend see
2. Semi-rammed wood, Bread height 120- 140 see
3. Low-stem tree, stem height 80- 100 see
4. Bonsai, the height of the stem is less than 80 cm
The main stages of the formation of the crown of the fruit tree by pruning
1. Pruning the seedlings after planting.
2. Pruning a young fruit tree aged 5-7 years.
3. Pruning an adult mature fruit tree at the age of 7-9 years.
4. Trimming an aging tree aged 10 years or more
fruit trees with a compact crown shape shorten the wire, and the lateral shoots are cut to the outer kidney to give them the desired direction and slightly dilute them. In varieties with drooping and spreading crown, the conductor is shortened more strongly, and lateral branches are cut to the inner kidney to direct the branches of the crown upward. In the event that two good strong branches that need to be left go almost side by side and create serious competition to each other, they need to be cut into side, but opposite kidneys: one branch to the outer kidney, the other - to the inner kidney. This will allow you to slightly dilute the branches to the side and ask them the desired direction. Pruning young fruit trees helps to maintain a good stable growth of the plant and the periodicity of fruiting, extend the productive period, preserve the high quality of the fruit, prevent thickening of the crown or denude the inner parts of the branches, and also the growth of the tree in height.
Adult fruiting trees are cut to ensure a stable normal growth of annual shoots with well-developed vegetative and generative buds. The productivity of a tree largely depends on the timely and abundant bookmarking of flowering buds, the intensity of flowering and the formation of fruits. The task of pruning at this stage is to continue the formation of the crown, to strengthen the activity of fruit formations and thereby increase the overall yield of the tree. During this period, a slight shortening and a strong thinning of the tree crown are used. Shorten only from-
Effect of trimming on crown formation
1 .In the young tree, as a result of shortening of the central conductor, lateral buds were awakened, from which, in the process of intensive stranding, the side branches developed differently directed
.The tree was heavily ramified,
but remained low.
2. The tree was not subjected to the formation
pruning, as a result, activation of the
of the strand formation did not occur and the tree did not give the developed
lateral shoots