Hygienic care of a child
Care for the skin and mucous membranes of the child requires strict adherence to the rules of personal hygiene and great care. This is due to the fact that the tissues of the child of an early age are easily eradicated and can serve as a gateway to a number of pathogens. It is very important to pay attention to the fact that all elements of skin care and mucous membranes do not cause unpleasant sensations to the child. Moreover, it is desirable that they deliver the kid pleasure. This will facilitate in the future the hygienic education of the child and the development of the necessary hygienic skills.
From the first months of life, the child should wash his face and hands 2-3 times a day, first using slightly warmed water( 32-34 ° C), then water at room temperature( 22-24 ° C).In the first weeks of life( during the newborn period), the child should be washed with boiled water.
Since the moment of supplementary feeding( about 4.5 months), the child needs to wash his hands before each feeding, thus developing the necessary hygienic skill. While washing, encourage the child to activity, learn to act independently( put your hands under a stream of water, wash your face).As early as possible, develop a negative attitude towards the dirt to the baby( for example, the hands stained during feeding and the face immediately wipe or wash).
Child of the second year of life persistently accustom to independent washing. By the age of three he must be able to wash his hands well with soap, wash, wash his feet, wipe himself with a towel.
Toilet of the nose and ears in a nursing child is made with cotton wool, dipped in vaseline or vegetable oil. Vaseline oil is purchased at the pharmacy. Vegetable oil( sunflower, corn, olive) must be pre-boiled and stored in a closed bottle. From the age of 1.5 the child must be taught to use the handkerchief on his own.
The toilet eyes of children in the first 2-3 months of life are carried out during the first morning wash, as well as as needed. The eyes are washed with cotton swabs soaked in a 2% solution of boric acid. Each eye is washed with a separate swab in the direction from the outer corner of the eye to the bridge of the nose. The toilet of the eyes of a 3-month-old baby is performed with normal washing.
The child of the first year of life is washed away after each emptying of the intestines, and the children of the first 4-6 months and after each urination. Newborns are tempted by warm boiled water with a wet wad or a stream of water from a wash basin, a jug, a teapot. Washing is performed from the front to the back, from the genitals to the anus, so as not to infect the genitals with microbes. After washing, the child is put on a clean diaper and gently drying the skin with blotting movements. Then the skin folds are smeared with boiled vegetable oil or baby cream with a cotton swab. Children older than 1 month in good skin condition can be washed with ordinary tap water, at first slightly warmed, and then at room temperature. Lubricate the skin with oil or baby cream should only be in the presence of diaper rash. To wash up children is necessary and after they have learned to use a pot. Both girls and boys should be washed daily before a night's sleep.
Hygienic baths for children up to a year make daily, on the 2nd and 3rd year - at least 2 times a week( preferably also daily).
A newborn baby should be bathed in boiled water at a temperature of 37 ° C( checked with a water thermometer).If the umbilical wound in the child has not yet fully healed, then a little solution of potassium permanganate( manganese) should be added to the water, so that the water becomes pale pink. To bathe the child better in the room where he is constantly, at an air temperature of 21-23 ° C.The child after 1 year can be washed in the bathroom.
The duration of the bath for children of the first year of life is no more than 5-7 minutes, in the second and third years of life - up to 8-10 minutes. Children over 2 years can be washed in the shower. After finishing the bath, the child should be poured with water at 1 ° C below the water temperature in the bath. At least 2 times a week, the child should be washed with baby soap. Children over the age of one can wash their hair with baby shampoo.
It is necessary to bathe the baby no later than 21.00, so as not to disturb his night's sleep. If the child after a bath sleeps restlessly, then transfer this procedure to an earlier time( before the last daytime sleep, and children over the year before dinner).
Oral cleanliness is the most effective means of dental caries prophylaxis. As soon as the baby stops receiving breast milk that has bactericidal properties, it should be given after eating a little clean water to rinse the remains of food in which microorganisms can multiply. A toddler who has reached 1 year, teach to rinse your mouth after every meal. From 2 years old - brush your teeth, first without a toothpaste, and then with baby toothpaste. Teeth should be cleaned 2 times a day - in the morning after breakfast and before bedtime. The child should have a toothbrush made of natural bristles. Along with the morning and evening toilet of the mouth, rinse your mouth after each meal, especially if the last dish was sweet.
The regime of the child's day
The correct regime provides for timely satisfaction of the child's physiological needs in nutrition, rest, active wakefulness and promotes the normal functioning of internal organs, provides a balanced, calm state of the nervous system, protects it from overwork. If the regime is not adjusted, there may be deviations in the development and behavior of the child - the appetite, sleep, appear vagaries, there is increased nervous excitability.
One of the main conditions of the correct regime is the observance of a certain sequence in the alternation of sleep and wakefulness. A newborn child sleeps almost all the time, but his sleep is shallow and easily interrupted by various stimuli. The strongest of them during this period is hunger or so-called food arousal.
Food excitement occurs when food leaves the baby's stomach. In infants receiving breast milk, this occurs 3-3.5 hours after feeding, so it is recommended to formulate the mode of the newborn baby on the basis of the rhythm of feeding.
The child should be fed strictly by the hour after 3-3.5 hours. Deviations are allowed for no more than 20-30 minutes. Longer or shorter intervals between feedings disrupt the biological rhythm of food arousal.
With sufficient attention and patience by the end of the first month of life, the child manages to form the correct rhythm of sleep and wakefulness, if optimal conditions were created. For example, a calm environment, fresh air, appropriate clothing for sleep, a sufficient amount of impressions, communication with adults, toys for the period of wakefulness of the baby.
The duration of sleep and wake intervals varies with age, as does the number of feedings. In the first year of life, according to the gradual increase in the working capacity and endurance of the nervous system, the regime of the baby's day changes 3 times, in the second year of life, 1 time.
A newborn baby sleeps 20-22 hours a day and is only given a feeding regimen. Usually in a maternity hospital, children are fed 6 times a day through 3.5 hours with an overnight break of 6.5 hours. It is desirable to keep the same regime at home. However, some weak children can be fed 7 times a day after 3 hours with an overnight break of 6 hours.
At the age of 1 to 2.5-3 months, the baby feeds 6 times a day after 3.5 hours( 7 times for weakenedchildren).At this age, the child is usually formed a 4-day daytime sleep for about 2 hours between the feedings the child is awake from 30-40 minutes to 1.5 hours. The total duration of sleep at this age is 17-19 hours a day.
A child from 2.5-3 to 5-6 months feeds 6 times a day through 3.5 hours, and from the moment of receiving complementary foods( approximately from 4.5-5 months) 5 times a day after 4 hours with an 8-hournight break. He can already stay awake between feedings for 1.5-2 hours. During the day the baby sleeps 4 more times for 1.5-2 hours, some children with 4.5-5 months pass to a 3-day daytime dream, but then it lasts longer- 2 hours. The total duration of sleep is 16-17 hours a day.
At the age of 5-6 to 9-10 months the baby is on 5-time feeding after 4 hours with an 8-hour nighttime break. In the daytime, he sleeps 1.5-2 hours 3 times, awake between meals for 2-2.5 hours. Total sleep duration 15-16 hours.
. From 9-10 months to 1 year, the baby is fed 5 times a day after 4 hoursA two-day daytime sleep has a duration of 2 hours on average. At the same time, daytime sleep( usually morning) often lasts 2.5 hours, and evening time is only 1.5 hours. The wakefulness of the child at this age on average increases to 3-3.5 hours. It is formed as follows: the first period of wakefulness( after nightsleep) is shorter and is only 2.5-3 hours;the second segment of wakefulness( between the first and second daytime sleep) lasts 3.5-4 hours and the third waking period( between the second daytime sleep and the night) to 3 hours.
The day regimen should be designed so that the baby immediately after the vigil stayed awake, and then slept until the next feeding. This alternation of processes is more correct, since a well-rested child eats with an appetite and then quietly and actively plays until the next dream. If a child gets used to falling asleep immediately after feeding, then the period of wakefulness will coincide with the onset of food arousal, he becomes restless, and then the next feeding will have to start before the due date. Tired and crying baby worse eating, violated his regime of the day.
In children of the second year of life, the waking time increases rather quickly, the need for sleep decreases accordingly. However, until the age of 1.5, the child still needs to keep a two-day daytime sleep. Otherwise, overstrain of the nervous system may occur, appetite, sleep disorders, etc. will appear.
The physiological needs of the child provide the first daytime sleep of 2-2.5 hours, the second - 2-1.5 hours. If it becomes apparent that the duration of each periodday sleep is shortened, yet do not rush to cancel the morning or evening sleep. It is better to let the baby sleep 2 times a day for 1 hour than 1 time 2.5 or even 3 hours. In the latter case, the duration of continuous wakefulness for him will be too great.
For a daytime nap, you can transfer a child who has reached 1.5 years, while it is desirable to increase its duration to 3-3.5 hours, creating for this purpose the appropriate conditions( a well-ventilated room, elimination of noise, etc.).With one-time daytime sleep, the duration of the wakefulness stretches for 5 hours. The total need for sleep for children in the second year of life is 13-14 hours.
. At the age of over a year, many children can be transferred to a 4-time feeding. Breaks between feedings remain the same( 4 hours), only the fifth, night, feeding is canceled. If the child is weakened, has a bad appetite, night feeding should be kept to 1.5, in rare cases up to 2 years.
In the third year of life the child should be fed 4 times a day. Daytime sleep should last 2.5-3 hours. The duration of the wakefulness stretches to 5-6 hours. The total need for sleep at the end of the third year of life is 12-13 hours.
Approximate day regimen for children from 0 to 3years is given in subsequent articles.