Drainage
An important preparation for the soil is draining or draining the land. This operation is carried out for the purpose of regulating the water regime in the area, removing excess moisture and closely approaching or lowering the surface water table. Drainage is carried out using a system of open ditches and drainage pipes( drains), laid underground and representing an artificial watercourse. The water from the drainage network is discharged outside the drained area.
The cheapest way to drain the site is open drainage ditches, dug for draining surplus water from the cultivated area into the drainage well,
stream or nearby water body. Open drainage ditches have an undeniable advantage on a flat lowland area where it is difficult to create a certain angle of incline( the so-called angle of incidence) necessary for outflow of water through drainage pipes. Collected in open ditches, excess water from the drained area enters the water basin or simply gradually evaporates.
If the terrain is sloping or the site is located on a hillside, the ditch is excavated at the highest point of the site across the slope. This is necessary to lower the level of groundwater and prevent saturation of lower layers of soil. To intercept and collect water flowing down from the slope, at its foot another ditch is dug, parallel to the first, located on top. This can be limited, but it is recommended to connect the upper and lower ditches with an additional ditch or underground drainage pipe. Water will be collected in the lower ditch and from it enter the drainage well or stream.
Open ditches in a small area, it makes sense to excavate manually without using heavy equipment, making them 1-1.3 m deep. To prevent the walls of ditches from falling, they should be made at an angle of 20-30 °, in clay soils, ditch walls can be made even moresteep, as clay soils are less crumbled.
Ditches must be maintained in a clean condition, to watch that they are not clogged with debris and stones, which can delay the flow of water. Ditches must also be periodically cleared of weeds and the undergrowth growing in them.
Open drainage ditches on the slopes of
On an area with a pronounced inclination, open drainage ditches are made across the slope. One ditch is excavated on its top, the second - is lower, parallel to the first one for the interception of running water. Both ditches are recommended to be connected by an additional open ditch or underground drainage pipe.
The water regime in the plot can be regulated by open ditches( 1), underground pipes( 2) and underground drains( 3 and 4).
The drainage of the section can also be carried out using underground drainage
pipes. Pipes can be short ceramic, concrete or long plastic, they are laid in trenches designed to collect and drain excess water. Plastic pipes are flexible enough, so if necessary, they can be bent and given the necessary direction. The pipes lay the joint in the joint, the "herringbone", so that they closely adjoin each other, but do not connect with each other, excess water could seep into the gap between the pipes. The diameter of the central pipe should be at least 10 cm, the diameter of the side pipes leading to the main drainage pipes is 7-8 cm. The frequency of the lateral pipes relative to the central one varies depending on the soil structure: on heavy clay sites they are laid more often, with an interval of 4-5 m, on loam with an interval of 7 m, on sandy soil the distance between the side pipes can reach 10-12 m. The side pipes are connected to the central pipe at an angle of 60-70 °.This angle should ensure unimpeded flow of water from the side pipes to the central one, with its subsequent removal. Trenches for laying pipes are digested not more than 1 m deep and not more than 0.5 m wide. When excavating the earth, it is desirable that the upper layer of the soil and subsoil, less fertile layers should not be mixed: the top layer of the soil should be removed and laid aside, the soil from the depth should be selected andadd separately. To ensure the required angle of natural water flow, you must specify a certain slope, under which the pipes will be laid. When trenches are prepared, large gravel, gravel or broken cirque is poured on the bottom.
underground drainage pipe laying
1. Trenches for laying drainage pipes are excavated not more than 1 m deep, creating a slope necessary for the water current. The lateral trenches are arranged according to the "herringbone" configuration at an angle of 60-70 ° relative to the main one.
2. The bottom of the trench is covered with a layer of gravel for 5-7 cm, laid pipes and again covered with gravel, so that the pipes were placed in a kind of clutch. A layer of earth is spread over the gravel.
3 - The side pipes adjacent to the main one are laid close to it, but not rigidly attached. The place of the joint is covered with tiles, to prevent clogging of the gap between the falling pipes or
pebbles by a layer of 5-7 cm, lay the pipes, starting from the central one, from above top up with gravel or crushed stone so that the pipe is as in a coupling. At the top of the filled gravel, the removed top layer of the earth is spread and leveled. The subsoil soil selected from the depth is removed. To prevent clogging of soil or stones, the pipes are covered with kerchiefs. Having underground drainage systems, it is necessary to be careful when working the soil, to monitor the depth of digging and cultivation, so as not to damage the pipes, which can lead to bogging of the soil.
On small plots where there is no place to place open ditches or conduct underground drainage pipes, it is possible to use the so-called brick drainage. To do this, through the entire site dig a trench, directed to the drainage well. The depth of the trench can be in the range from 60 cm to 1 m. It is necessary to specify a slope that promotes the current of water, as in the case of underground drainage pipes, otherwise the water will stagnate. Prepared a trench half filled with broken brick or rubble stone, top covered with a layer of gravel or crushed stone, then covered with earth and leveled. Thus, a trench filled with a porous material is obtained, through which water can percolate into the spaces between the particles of bricks and gravel and drain into the drainage well. Such a brick drainage is able to provide a sufficiently effective drainage of water from the average size of the site. Water coming from the site through a system of open ditches, underground pipes or brick drainage, it is necessary to take off somewhere. It can be a stream, a small pond, a ravine
Creation of
of a brick
drain
" Prepared by a trench not more than 1 m deep, excavated
towards the drainage: a well,
to fill up to half broken
brick or , butt
stone, top to fill
with gravel and cover with a layer of ground
or a hollow in the terrain. But if there is no such convenient natural water header for water drain, it is necessary to create drainage well, is attachedth to the general drainage system. To do this, dig a pit at an average depth of at least 1.5-2 m and a diameter of 1-2 m. If it is necessary to drain a section of considerable size, the volume of the well under the drainage well should be increased in proportion to the area of the site, otherwise the wellcan not cope with the amount of water entering into it. To strengthen and prevent the walls of the drainage well from falling off, they are strengthened with bricks. It is not recommended to bond bricks between themselves with cement mortar, so that water can freely seep through the gaps between the bricks. This will create a more natural water flow and prevent swamping. The well is covered with broken brick, large rubble or rubble stone so that up to the top there is space of 40-50 cm. To prevent siltation, a layer of hygroscopic peat 20-30 cm thick is spread from above, covered with earth and laid with sod.
Selection of crops and planting sites
The choice of a planting site, both in the narrow and broad sense of this concept, largely determines the development of plants, their ability to grow, bloom and bear fruit. In a broad sense, the landing site is understood as the climatic conditions of the in the area where the garden is laid.
The climate of as a worked out long-term weather regime is one of the main characteristics of any terrain. The climate is determined by the arrival of solar radiation, the processes of air mass circulation, the direction of the prevailing winds, the average annual precipitation rate, the nature of the underlying surface and depends on the latitude and height of the terrain, proximity to the sea coast, relief features and location of the terrain on a hill or in the basin. During the year, in a certain region, constantly recurring average values of air and soil temperatures, atmospheric pressure, duration of solar irradiation are formed, the prevailing wind directions form, and the whole complex of these indicators repeats year by year with varying degrees of accuracy. The vegetation period of the plants depends on the listed climatic parameters. Under the vegetation period is understood the period of the year, during which, according to meteorological conditions, the process of vegetation of plants is possible. In a temperate climate, the vegetative period roughly corresponds to the time span from the last spring to the first strong pre-winter frosts. For the viability and development of a plant in a particular locality, it is necessary that its life cycle be coordinated with the periodic change in climatic phenomena observed there. The plant takes root and develops in a certain area only if its growing season is used completely from the climatic spring to autumn without the risk of damage to the plant in the inevitable offensive of the cold period. Thus, the rhythm of vegetation of plants should be coordinated with the climatic rhythm. If there is a discrepancy between the vegetative rhythm of the plant and the change in climatic conditions during the season, it suffers, lags behind in development, does not realize its potentialities, for example, does not bloom or bear fruit, and ultimately may die. When the plant is transferred to a climate that is not suitable for it, there is a mismatch between its vegetative rhythm and climatic rhythm, it goes too late in growth, slowly develops, before it gets stronger, it is damaged by the first frosts. Or, on the contrary, the plant prematurely enters the growth phase and is exposed to late spring frosts, with the early onset of vegetation the end of the developmental process comes before the plant does not fully use the climatically favorable time. The decisive role in determining the suitability of a plant for a given locality is played by the duration of the vegetation period in these climatic conditions. The duration of the vegetation period is defined as the number of days in a year with a temperature above 5 ° C, that is, the temperature that is considered effective for plant growth. On the territory of Russia, different climatic zones are distinguished, from those where the vegetative period is 150 days a year and less, to those where plant growth is continuous. In zones with , the short growing period of , the growth rate is the key factor determining resistance to unfavorable external conditions. Plants must complete their annual cycle of development at the optimum temperature. Therefore, in these zones, cultivars of vegetable and fruit crops are cultivated, characterized by a short maturation period, late flowering of Iranian fruit bearing. At the same time, when cultivating, for example, fruit trees, which are characterized by a rest period in winter, in the zones with , a long period of vegetation of in plants is observed year-round growth, which worsens the quality of fruiting.
Undoubtedly, plants have internal resources that allow them to adapt to environmental conditions. The so-called phytohormones act as intermediaries between the hereditarily fixed plant functional program and by climatic factors, they help the plant adapt to environmental conditions, coordinating its vital functions( growth and development, nutrient absorption, water metabolism) in accordance with unfavorableplants climatic factors. However, such adaptation of the plant to unacceptable environmental conditions always adversely affects its growth and fruiting, without even perishing, the plant loses in development.
On plants that will grow in a particular climate, it is customary to say that they are resistant to the unfavorable conditions of a given locality. Winter hardiness depends on frost resistance and adaptation to the current seasonal change in weather conditions. Thus, plants that are winter-hardy in subtropical regions are not so in the more northerly latitudes and, therefore, need protection. Conversely, subarctic plants, accustomed to short growing seasons and a long dormant state, can not grow in areas with high temperatures.
There are three main types of climate: marine, continental and temperate. The marine climate of is observed in land areas adjacent to the seas and oceans and is characterized by high air humidity, high precipitation, small annual and insignificant diurnal variability in temperature. In regions with marine climate there are no extreme temperature regimes, summer is hot, but high summer temperatures are mitigated by air humidity and abundant precipitation, winters are warm, the transition between the seasons is smoothed. The continental climate dominates the inland territories of the continent far from the seas and oceans, where predominance of air masses of continental origin is observed, and in contrast to the sea one it is characterized by sharp changes in temperature throughout the year, significant daily fluctuations in air temperature, low humidity, low precipitation andas a whole, by the variability and instability of all these indicators. Change of seasons is usually quite sharp, winter is frosty with low atmospheric pressure, summer is hot and often arid. The moderate climate of the is a transitional type between the marine and continental climate, without extreme characteristics of the latter and is characterized by a clear seasonal rhythm of temperature, medium humidity, a mild seasonal change, moderate winters and a cool summer.
Within each of the major types of climate, there are also transitional regional or local climate varieties. So, for example, the altitude of the terrain above the sea level or the features of the relief can determine local climatic differences, which can be very significant. The main factor that mitigates the climate is the proximity of the terrain to the sea coast. Compared with the continental in coastal areas, it is warmer in winter and colder in summer. In mountainous areas, there are usually lower temperatures and significant precipitation. Sometimes there are areas on the leeward side or sheltered from the rain by a hill, where there is little rainfall. The leeward side is usually located to the east of the hill, acting as a barrier to the prevailing western winds. The height of the terrain above sea level plays an important role in the formation of the climate. The higher the location, the soil is colder. When climbing for every 75 m above sea level, the temperature drops by an average of 0.6 ° C.In the summer, this factor is not significant, but in the spring it leads to a later onset of the growing season. To special climatic zones in which there is a special successful combination of temperature, humidity, prevailing winds, for example, there are zones suitable for viticulture or cultivation of other crops with special requirements. If you select a culture for the garden, the requirements of which fully correspond to the climatic conditions prevailing in the given region, this will ensure their good survival, successful development, fruiting, resistance to diseases and undemanding care. Of course, plants with elevated relative humidity, such as elevation above sea level, terrain, proximity to water, the direction of the prevailing wind, and some others, can also be cultivated.
1. The water surface of the lake creates a softer climate on the shore and high humidity.
2. The slope is oriented to the north and at a certain angle of the sun's height within a year receives less heat and sunlight.
3. The southern slope faces the sun and therefore does not lack solar heat.
In the lowlands are frequent frosts due to the accumulation of cold air flowing down the hill, especially at night.
At the top of the hill, the air temperature is higher by an average of 1-1 ° C relative to the air temperature at the site at the foot of the hill. The forest, located across the direction of the prevailing wind, protects the field from the wind, reducing its strength and preventing possible damage to the
but climatic parameters by requirements, but it will take a number of efforts to create the proper conditions for it.
In addition to defining the climatic conditions of the region, the microclimate in the garden is very important for the successful cultivation of plants, which you can to some extent shape yourself.