Strabismus: causes in children and adults, treatment, correction
The most common pathology among eye diseases is heterotrophy( strabismus - strabismus).
Characterized as a result of manifestations of various pathologies with different localization - in the eye system, as a result of endocrine, nervous and neurodegenerative diseases.
Therefore, in the treatment of strabismus, in addition to the ophthalmologist, various specialists take part:
To understand this, you need to know how our vision functions normally. Both eyes have six muscles, which provide the eyes with motor function.
The visual analyzer located in the cerebral cortex controls the consistency of all twelve muscles, from the harmonious work of which, the correctness of the viewing direction depends, collecting two images in a single picture. Violation of the consistency of work, the failure of one or a group of muscles, causes strabism, which contributes to the misalignment of the eyes - they are turned in different directions and the absorption of two images into a single binocular does not occur.
This pathology contributes to:
This disease is diverse in species and manifestations and the earlier it is recognized, the more likely it is that it will recover.
A friendly form of strabismus manifests itself in childhood. It is characterized by violations of oculomotor functions with eye deflections from a fixed common point, with impaired binocular functions. Thus one eye will be mowing, another - fixed.
Is subdivided into explicit and hidden strabismus.
Explicit strabismus is horizontal, corresponds to its name, since immediately noticeable defect. Of all kinds of friendly strobism, the most common forms are:
Hidden form( heterophory) - a consequence of muscle disequilibrium - This is determined by applying locomotion movement. If you cover, "turn off" the eye and it will deviate to the muscle with the highest tone, and again "turning it on", will return to its original position, this is evidence that binocular vision is not broken. Such indicators exclude the appearance of constant strabismus, and no treatment is required.
Imaginary form - directly related to the structure of the skull, if the nose is too wide, the angle between the visual and optical axes increases. Binocular vision is preserved, and the treatment of imaginary strabismus is not required.
Healthy eyes have normal accommodation, providing clear vision both in the distance and close. But if the accommodation is broken, this gives a prerequisite for the formation of the disease. From that on how much it is broken depends the development of strabism.
With a large difference in visual acuity, the CNS suppresses a less distinct image of the affected, mowing eyes, gradually reducing its functional vision. In the absence of treatment, complete loss of vision is possible.
Classify three types:
Paralytic type of strabismus manifests itself in any age category. Characterized by the lack of motor reflexes of one of the eyes in the direction of the affected muscle( the site for which it responds).The slope of the patient's head toward the lesion is noted. Perhaps the picture is doubling.
This pathology is the result of toxic or traumatic muscle damage.
The causes of strabismus in adults and children are considered to be polyethiologic, when for different reasons there is a similar consequence. The main causes include:
Symptoms of the disease are extensive and depend on the type and form of pathological manifestations:
In the diagnosis of this disease, a comprehensive examination using:
Treatment of strabismus is strictly individual. The curative program is made only after examination and thorough examination.
Treatment of strabismus in adults and children is phased, including various methods - therapeutic and surgical.
Therapeutic method includes various methods:
Characterized as a result of manifestations of various pathologies with different localization - in the eye system, as a result of endocrine, nervous and neurodegenerative diseases.
Therefore, in the treatment of strabismus, in addition to the ophthalmologist, various specialists take part:
- neurologist;
- neurosurgeon;
- endocrinologist;
- maxillofacial surgeon.
What is strabismus?
To understand this, you need to know how our vision functions normally. Both eyes have six muscles, which provide the eyes with motor function.
The visual analyzer located in the cerebral cortex controls the consistency of all twelve muscles, from the harmonious work of which, the correctness of the viewing direction depends, collecting two images in a single picture. Violation of the consistency of work, the failure of one or a group of muscles, causes strabism, which contributes to the misalignment of the eyes - they are turned in different directions and the absorption of two images into a single binocular does not occur.
This pathology contributes to:
- isolation and negativity;
- adversely affects the psyche;
- causes irritability;
- is accompanied by a number of visual disorders;
- helps to limit the choice of profession.
Classification of
This disease is diverse in species and manifestations and the earlier it is recognized, the more likely it is that it will recover.
- 1) Congenital strabismus - from birth or developing in the period up to six months.
- 2) Acquired strabismus - develops in the first three years.
A friendly form of strabismus manifests itself in childhood. It is characterized by violations of oculomotor functions with eye deflections from a fixed common point, with impaired binocular functions. Thus one eye will be mowing, another - fixed.
Is subdivided into explicit and hidden strabismus.
Explicit strabismus is horizontal, corresponds to its name, since immediately noticeable defect. Of all kinds of friendly strobism, the most common forms are:
- 1) The convergent form of strabismus is characterized by early development and in the initial period by a non-constant course. A characteristic feature is the deviation of the optical axis of one eye towards the nose. The likelihood of occurrence is of varying degrees of farsightedness;
- 2) Divergent strabismus is the result of a congenital myopia. Deviation of the optical optical axis to the temple;
- 3) Vertical strabismus - is manifested by changing the visual optical axis upwards, to the forehead.
Hidden form( heterophory) - a consequence of muscle disequilibrium - This is determined by applying locomotion movement. If you cover, "turn off" the eye and it will deviate to the muscle with the highest tone, and again "turning it on", will return to its original position, this is evidence that binocular vision is not broken. Such indicators exclude the appearance of constant strabismus, and no treatment is required.
Imaginary form - directly related to the structure of the skull, if the nose is too wide, the angle between the visual and optical axes increases. Binocular vision is preserved, and the treatment of imaginary strabismus is not required.
Healthy eyes have normal accommodation, providing clear vision both in the distance and close. But if the accommodation is broken, this gives a prerequisite for the formation of the disease. From that on how much it is broken depends the development of strabism.
With a large difference in visual acuity, the CNS suppresses a less distinct image of the affected, mowing eyes, gradually reducing its functional vision. In the absence of treatment, complete loss of vision is possible.
Classify three types:
- accommodative - when corrected with special glasses, it disappears;
- partially accommodative - not fully adjusted;
- non-accomodation strabism - correction does not give results at all.
Paralytic type of strabismus manifests itself in any age category. Characterized by the lack of motor reflexes of one of the eyes in the direction of the affected muscle( the site for which it responds).The slope of the patient's head toward the lesion is noted. Perhaps the picture is doubling.
This pathology is the result of toxic or traumatic muscle damage.
Causes of strabismus
The causes of strabismus in adults and children are considered to be polyethiologic, when for different reasons there is a similar consequence. The main causes include:
- ametropia and anisometropia;
- is an uneven spasmodic tone;
- functional muscle pathologies;
- significant decrease in vision in one eye;
- congenital visual defects and eye fatigue;
- infection leading to blindness.
Symptoms of
Symptoms of the disease are extensive and depend on the type and form of pathological manifestations:
- 1) The convergent form of strabismus is the most common. Characteristic signs - the eyes look in the bridge of the nose or the axes of the two eyes are directed towards the tip of the nose.
- 2) The divergent form is characterized by a look directed towards the temples.
- 3) With the vertical one, the optical axis of one eye is directed to the top, towards the forehead, while the other is directed towards the chin.
- 4) Circular strobism - the ratio of the position of one eye to the other is expressed by turning clockwise or in the opposite direction.
- 5) Friendly - is characterized by an invariable position of the eyes when looking in any direction, when there is a discrepancy between the visual axes;the doubling of objects is not observed;is characterized by an ametropia of various types and sizes.
- 6) Paralytic strabismus is a consequence of paralysis, complications, any traumatic impact on the oculomotor muscles. The inclination of the patient's head towards the defeat of the muscle is noted. Perhaps the picture is doubling.
- 7) Alternating strabismus - strabismus jumps from one eye to the other.
Strabismus diagnosis
In the diagnosis of this disease, a comprehensive examination using:
- biometric study;
- examination of eye structure;
- study of refraction;
- various methods of testing the eyesight( without correction and with trial lenses);
- skiaskopiyya and computer refractometry - the study of clinical refraction;
- biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy - examination of the fundus, anterior part of the eye and transparent eyes;
- of the synoptophoscope - estimation of image fusion;
- neurologist consultation and neurological examinations, as needed.
Treatment of strabismus in adults and children
Treatment of strabismus is strictly individual. The curative program is made only after examination and thorough examination.
Treatment of strabismus in adults and children is phased, including various methods - therapeutic and surgical.
Therapeutic method includes various methods:
- 1) The goal of pleoptotic treatment is to increase the visual load on the problem eye. To stimulate it, various methods are used - the therapeutic laser, various medical computer programs.
- 2) The goal of orthoptic treatment is to restore binocular activity in both eyes. For this, a synoptic apparatus is used, as well as medical software development.
- 3) For the natural restoration of stereoscopic and binocular vision, the treatment is applied diplomatically.
- 4) To improve the performance of the oculomotor muscles, appoint training sessions on a convergent trainer.
Staggering Correction Steps
- 1) To increase visual acuity, in conjunction with conservative apparatus treatment, apply the occlusion method - glue one or alternately both eyes.
- 2) The next stage of treatment is to restore the connection between the eyes.
- 3) The muscular balance is restored surgically.
- 4) Restoration of stereoscopic vision is the final stage.