Care of a newborn child
The family has a new man - a small, helpless. And together with great happiness he brought many worries and worries.
How to grow it healthy, cheerful, hardy?
What a joy for parents if their child is healthy, cheerful, cheerful, eats well, sleeps peacefully, is disciplined, develops well physically and mentally.
And, conversely, how much excitement and frustration it brings to the family even a relatively mild illness of the child, some deviations in his physical or mental development.
All these griefs can be largely avoided, if properly organized care and properly educate the child from the first days of his life.
From the moment of birth and cutting of the umbilical cord, the child stops direct communication with the mother, and he enters his first period of extrauterine life - the period of the newborn, the duration of which is determined by the first month of life.
The period of a newborn is a very important period in a person's life. From the correct course it depends on human health in the future.
The most difficult for the child are the first 2-3 weeks of life - the period of adaptation to a completely new for him conditions of existence. In order to facilitate the process of adaptation, it is necessary to properly organize the environment surrounding the children.
The term "external environment" includes the hygiene of the child, the cleanliness of his underwear, care items, cleanliness and regular airing of the room, the feeding regime, etc., that is, the proper care of the child and the reasonable upbringing of the child.
At the time of the return of a woman with a child from the maternity ward, the first thing to do is to thoroughly clean the apartment, the room. It is advisable to knock out well, and even better to vacuum up( if there is such an opportunity) all soft furniture, mattresses, drapes;wash blankets, curtains, rugs.
The child is assigned the brightest corner in the room, and, if possible, a separate room.
Bed. Every child must have a crib. It is best to have a metal bed painted with oil paint, since it is easy to clean. You can buy a wooden one. The bed is put in a well-lit place, but not too close to the window and from the stove or battery. Do not walk around the bed often. At night, the bed can be moved to the mother's bed, so that it would be more convenient for her to take care of the baby.
At the "first pores" the bed can be replaced with a laundry basket. The basket must first be washed. At the bottom of her put a mattress, which is covered with oilcloth, and on top of a sheet or diaper. The walls of the basket are usually covered with diapers.
It is not recommended to use a stroller instead of a bed. With the stroller dust is introduced from the street, the walls of it do not let the air in, and the temptation to rock the child is still tempting.
Children's mattress should be stuffed with easily washable material;it's horse hair, sea grass, bast. Do not make wadded or down mattresses, as they are difficult to clean and
children are hot on them. You can recommend and mattresses made of polyurethane foam( foam).You must have two blankets - light and warm. For a walk in winter you need to have a quilt. It must be square. The baby does not need a pillow in the pillow. It is more convenient for him to lie on an even surface. The blanket should have a duvet cover or hemmed diaper or sheet.
The loafers are sewn, usually from molded fabric or from old adult linens. The loin is usually wrapped around the back, and the lower edge of it should reach the navel of the child. Raspashonok should have 8-12 pieces. The child needs warm( flannel, flannel) blouses( 4-6 pieces) with long sleeves, which are often sewn so that he does not scratch his face with his nails.
Diapers( diapers), which are folded in a triangle and placed between the legs of the child, are usually made of gauze( in 2 layers) or from old linen, tissue material. It is necessary to prepare 20-25 diapers in the size of 60-65 centimeters( not less).
Diapers, usually square( 100X100 centimeters), are prepared from paper or linen material in an amount of about 20 pieces. It is necessary to have several diapers( 5-6), two bonnets or light headscarfs. All laundry for the child must be washed, boiled and ironed. They store it in a separate chest of drawers or a closet, in a suitcase, a basket. A new blanket, wadded or woolen, should be ironed through a wet rag with a hot iron.
It is necessary to have one large oilcloth, which is put on the bed, and a small oilcloth( 30X30 centimeters), which is placed under the baby between the diapers.
The mother must sew an apron in which she will clean the room, protecting her dress. And to care for the child, she must have a dress made of easily washable fabric, with a clasp in front, so that it would be more convenient to breast-feed the baby.
Child care items should include: baby wash basin, face wash bowl, soap dish, body temperature thermometer, jug or decanter with a cup for boiled water, thermometers for a bath and room temperature measurement, a can of cotton wool(No. 1) for an enema in a clean mug, a pipette, a heating pad for small scissors.
All these things, carefully washed, preferably contained in a special locker or on a shelf, or on a separate table. There should also be cotton wool, bandage, petroleum jelly.
It is also necessary to have a pelvis for folding wet and dirty diapers.
Bath. For bathing a child you need a bath. The best are enamelled white or galvanized baths, as it is easy to clean. In the absence of a child's bath, one can bathe in a basin or trough.
Stroller. When choosing a stroller, you should not be fond of fashion. It is desirable that the stroller is not low, had easily washable walls and top( from oilcloth or plastic).At the bottom of the stroller put a mattress, which should often be turned over and aired. The mattress is covered with a clean diaper.
Toilet child. Daily it is necessary to do to the child a common toilet. It is best to do this in the morning, after the second feeding, when the mother herself washed, dressed and had breakfast. The mother unfolds, undresses the child and carefully examines his skin to make sure that she has no diaper rash, redness.
The face and hands of the child should be washed every morning with boiled water. The eyes are washed with boiled water or a solution of boric
acid( 1 teaspoon boric acid per 1 cup warm boiled water), which is moistened with a ball of cotton wool. Movements should be directed from the outer corner of the eye to the nose. For each eye there should be a separate cotton ball. The nose is usually cleaned with a cotton flag( without matches), moistened with vaseline oil or boiled water. The ears are also cleaned with a flagellum from cotton wool as needed. The child's mouth should not be touched and wiped. If the mother notices the cheeks on the mucous membrane, and the lips or tongue of white film, the so-called "thrush," she must show the child to the doctor or nurse who will prescribe the necessary medicines and show how to apply them.
Every day you need to look through the armpits of the child, whether there is no redness there, and lubricate them with boiled oil. Usually they lubricate the neck with folds of oil, since there may also be diaper rash, if milk flows into it.
Do not leave the baby in wet diapers;if he pissed, it is necessary to repaint him. As soon as the child is deceived, it should be washed with warm water from a wash basin or jug, wipe dry( girls should be washed from the front back), creases oil or powder powder.
The child's hands are inspected every day. Nails on the arms and legs must be cut regularly. Scissors for this must be clean, with blunt ends. Pre-they are either boiled or rubbed with alcohol or cologne. It is best to have separate scissors for the child.
If from a friction about a pillow at the child the hair is tangled on a nape, they cut with scissors.
When a white dry film( or crust), similar to dandruff, appears on the child's head, the scalp is smeared with boiled vegetable oil. During bathing these crusts leave by themselves.
How to wrap a child. First put on a shirt, sewn from a thin fabric. Raspashonku smell from behind and straighten on the back, so that there are no folds. Then put on a warm blouse with long( often sewn) sleeves. Her smell in front and fold over the navel. The child is placed on a folded triangle with a soft diaper, the two ends of which are crossed on the abdomen, and one( middle) is laid between the legs. After this, the baby is wrapped around the waist in a large diaper. The lower part of the diaper is wrapped in front so that the legs are completely free and the child can move them. Over this diaper lay an oilcloth measuring 30X30 centimeters and wrap the child in a warm diaper or blanket depending on the season.
Bath( bathing).In order for the baby's skin to breathe freely, it should be bathed for up to a year daily. If it is for some reason difficult, then after 6 months it can be bathed every other day. Begin to bathe the baby after the umbilical cord falls off and the umbilical wound will heal. Bathe it in boiled water. Subsequently, water is boiled only in cases when it is taken from a pond or river. The temperature in the room when bathing a child should be normal, that is, 18-20 °, bathing in a hotly heated kitchen, warming diapers, except for harm, does not bring anything, since small children suffer from overheating worse than cooling. A well washed bath in which a child is bathed is placed on a bench or on two chairs. On the right hand on the table or chair put soap dish with soap and water for pouring. Prepare clean clothes in advance: a warm diaper, an oilcloth, a large diaper, a diaper, a headscarf. On top put a diaper or a furry sheet of the day of wiping.
If the room is cool, then the clothes are warmed by placing a well-screwed hot water bottle on it. In the bath first poured hot water, then, adding a cold, bring the temperature to 37. Measure the water temperature with a thermometer, and do not try it with your elbow, because in this case it is easy to burn the child.
Do not wash prepared water with unwashed hands. The thermometer is stored wrapped in a clean rag or in a specially sewn pouch.
During the bathing of the mother's child someone must help. Having rolled up her sleeves and put on a clean apron, the mother strips the child and, if he is demented, first laundered him and then puts it into the tub. The child's head is at the left arm of the mother bent at the elbow, the hand under his back, the upper part of the baby's chest is above the water;With the other hand, the mother scoops water and water the child's body. Then she soapes her hand and wipes her hairy part of her head in the direction from the forehead to the nape, so that the soap does not get into the eyes. It is necessary to wash the child with soap 2-3 times a week.
If on the scalp there are crusts, then before bathing the head is smeared with vaseline or boiled vegetable oil, and during bathing washed off with soaped gauze. After washing off the soap from the head, with a soapy hand, the mother washes behind the ears, under the neck, under the arms, hands, then the chest, the sides, in the groin.
When the child is redeemed, the mother lifts it with the back up, and the assistant pours pre-cooked water. Then put the child on the sheet, close it with his head and dry, first the head, then the upper part of the trunk, then the legs, quickly shifted to clean clothes, dressed and wrapped. After bathing, it is possible to lubricate the folds of the skin of a young child with petroleum jelly with a vegetable oil with a prophylactic purpose. If the child is older than 2-3 months there is no intertrigo, then you can not lubricate or pour the folds of his skin. After the bath the child is wrapped and a kerchief or cap is put on his head. The child should be bathed in hours convenient for family members, best at 8-9 o'clock in the evening. After bathing, the mother usually feeds the baby, after which she sleeps.
Walk. Very important for the health of the child is staying in the fresh air. If possible, stay in the air longer. Children who are much in the open air, develop better, get sick less often. Fresh air promotes better absorption of food, improves blood circulation. Sun rays interfere with the development of rickets.
If a child was born in the summer, then you should start walking with him from the first days after discharge from the hospital. If he was BORN WINTER, TO take out him to the street can be from two or three weeks old at a temperature of at least -10C, gradually accustoming to a lower temperature. The duration of the walk is 10 minutes. Then the stay in the air is gradually adjusted to 0.5-1 hours. It is advisable to walk with the child 2 times a day.
Putting on newborn days of walking is necessary depending on the time of year and air temperature. In winter, one more warm blouse is put on the child and wrapped over the usual diapers wrapped in a blanket, placing a small oilcloth between the diapers and the blanket. Then the child is wrapped in a quilt, leaving his face open.
Walking with the child in a quiet place, protected from the wind. In the spring and autumn, the child wears less warmth and walks with him longer. In the air, a child usually falls asleep quickly. It is easiest to walk with a child when he is in a stroller. For heat to the bottom of the stroller put a mattress or quilt, folded several times. In the cold season, do not take out all these things in advance to avoid cooling them. Do not miss the walk because of the rain;in this case you can walk in a secure place - on the porch, veranda, in the courtyard under a canopy.
If there is a balcony, a stroller or bed can be put on the balcony, blocking it from the sun and wind.
In summer, a child can be on the air all day( except for the hottest hours).But in any case it is impossible to keep a child in the sun, to wrap, to overheat. From time to time you have to drink it.
Baby bed linen care. Diapers and all baby clothes should be kept clean. Do not throw wet diapers on the floor. Dirty diapers should be placed in a specially designed pelvis or a large saucepan with a lid.
Do not dry wet diapers, do not stretch them. The diaper the child wet the first time can be rinsed in hot water without soap and dried. If the diaper is wetted a second time, then it should be spread already with soap. Stained diapers are soaked in a bowl or immediately washed. Accumulated for a day of dirty laundry stretch and boil, and if you can not boil the laundry, then it is scalded with steep boiling water.
The washed laundry should be hung in such place and so that it was not touched by a head and did not touch with hands.
When ironing clothes, it is best to use the linen made for lingerie specially for children's laundry. If the laundry is dry, then it is moistened by spraying water, but in no case can it be done by mouth.
Such underwear, like ryazhonki, kerchiefs, pillowcases, towels, etc., is best kept in a special bag or laundry basket.
The child's bedding( pillow, blanket, mattress) should be shaken out daily and aired at least once a week for several hours in the air.
Cleaning of the room. In the room where the child lives, you need to sweep the floor only in a damp way and weekly wash the floor with soap. Painted floors are easier to keep clean: they can be cleaned daily with a damp cloth, often washed with soap.
The furniture in the room needs to be wiped daily with a slightly damp, clean rag. Window frames should be washed every week, and the windows and windowsills should be cleaned every day. In the summer, when the windows are open, the window openings are tightened with gauze. Once a week, dust from the walls and ceiling should be swept.
The room should not have excess furniture: the less cluttered room, the more air in it, less dust. We must try to get as much sunlight into the room as possible. Therefore, do not curtain the windows with dense curtains.
It is very important to regularly ventilate the room. In the cold
, the window is opened for 10-15 minutes every 3-4 hours.
In summer, you can keep the windows open all day.
In the room where the child is, you can not smoke, wash, prepare food.
Cleanliness should be in the yard around the house. Better protect against dust grass, bushes, trees. It is advisable to plant flowers and shrubs near the house.
It is very important for a small child to be surrounded by healthy people. The mother must always remember that the patients can not only be allowed to take care of the child, allow them to APPLE close to him and touch his things. At the slightest suspicion of a child's illness, the mother should consult a doctor.