Obstructive bronchitis in children: symptoms and treatment

Obstructive bronchitis is called inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, accompanied by a certain degree of disruption of its patency, resulting in the body developing oxygen starvation.

This disease develops due to a large number of causes that can trigger one or more of these obstruction mechanisms:

• the production of a large amount of mucosal secretion by the bronchial glands;
  
• mucosal edema;
  
• spasm of muscles, narrowing the bronchi.

Causes of development of

Acute bronchitis, complicated by bronchial obstruction, occurs due to ingress of pathogenic microorganisms, most of which are viruses:

• respiratory syncytial virus;
  
• adenovirus;
  
• influenza and parainfluenza viruses;
  
• herpes group viruses;
  
• mycoplasma;
  
• chlamydia.

Chronic obstructive bronchitis most often occurs in people who often meet with one or more risk factors. The latter can be conditionally subdivided into internal and external:

External factors:

1. 1) Smoking - active or passive;
   
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2. 2) Poor environmental conditions;
   
3. 3) Work in harmful production: at the mine, construction site, in the metallurgical industry, with laser printers, on the railway;if you have to inhale air with a high content of silicon, coal dust, cadmium, chlorine vapor, ammonia, flour and cotton dust;
   
4. 4) Alcohol abuse.

Internal factors:

1. 1) Genetically determined deficiency of immunoglobulin A;
   
2. 2) If a person was born with a low weight;
   
3. 3) Deficiency of the enzyme α1-antitrypsin, caused by genetic causes;
   
4. 4) II blood group.

Usually, chronic obstructive bronchitis in all of the above individuals exposed to risk factors develops after a viral or bacterial respiratory disease.

Read also, the symptoms of acute bronchitis.

Symptoms of obstructive bronchitis in adults

Acute obstructive bronchitis is the "prerogative" of children under 5 years old, in adults the symptoms of obstruction( i.e. impairment of bronchial obstruction) develop only if it is chronic.

Sometimes, primary obstructive bronchitis may occur, the first episode of obstruction that occurred in a person at risk with any ARI.

Both of these cases are characterized by the development of such symptoms:

1. 1) Increase in temperature - usually to low digits;
   
2. 2) Dry cough( that is, without separating phlegm), which depletes a person;Attacks increase at night and in the morning, when you get up from bed. After a while, the cough becomes moist;
   
3. 3) Increased breathing - more than 18 per minute, while you can hear that a person has a longer exhalation. He himself can feel that it is harder for him to exhale( as through a tube);
   
4. 4) You can hear wheezing when exhaling, even from a distance.

If such symptoms persist for up to 3 weeks, talk about acute bronchitis;if this condition is repeated more than 3 times a year, obstructive bronchitis is considered recurrent. If the same symptoms with varying degrees of severity persist for 2 years or more, bronchitis is considered chronic. To him are added and such signs:

• frequent headaches due to chronic hypoxia;
  
• cough in the morning - with thick mucous or purulent sputum;
  
• may be hemoptysis;
  
• dyspnea of ​​more than 20 breaths per minute is observed continuously;
  
• sweating;
  
• fatigue;
  
• nails on the hands and the fingers themselves with a long-existing bronchitis change shape.

Treatment of obstructive bronchitis in adults

For effective treatment of obstructive bronchitis in adults, the following principles should be adhered to:

1) It is necessary to exclude the harmful factor: to quit smoking and take alcohol, change the place of work or residence.

2) The diet is a low-calorie, medium-protein and low-carbohydrate diet.

3) During an exacerbation - antibacterial preparations, especially in the presence of purulent sputum. Usually these are drugs Amoxil, Augmentin, Sumamed. In acute obstructive conditions, the appointment of antibiotics should be justified( considering the timing of the disease, a general blood test and a bacteriological examination of sputum), since in most cases the condition is caused only by viruses.

4) Bronchodilator preparations:

• intravenous preparations: from the group of xanthines( Euphyllinum, Teopek) or - but only with very severe obstruction - hormones-glucocorticoids( Prednisolone, Dexamethasone);
  
• anticholinergic drugs in the form of inhalers: Atrovent, Salbutamol, Ventolin;
  
• adrenergic inhalation agents: Berodual, Astmovent-MF, Astmopent;
  
• hormone-containing inhalers: Pulcicort, Fliksotid. They are only used when other inhalation drugs are ineffective.

5) Means that dilute sputum and promote its excretion: ATSTS, Lazolvan, Fluimutsil and Fluimutsil antibiotic.

6) Vibrating massage.

7) Postural draining is the creation of a specific position( knee-elbow) in which sputum will be better evacuated from the bronchi.

Read also, treatment of bronchitis at home.

Symptoms of obstructive bronchitis in children

Obstructive bronchitis is very common in children under 5 years old. It flows mainly in the form of an acute process. In , the symptoms of obstructive bronchitis are very difficult to distinguish from bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the mucous membrane of small branches of the bronchi called bronchioles.

This frequent development is due to the fact that the mucous membrane of the child's airways is richer in blood vessels than in the adult, the vessels are more sensitive to the action of various biological substances released during illness;because of this, its edema develops easily, which also blocks the way to air in the bronchi( obstruction).

Starts the development of bronchitis in a child, mainly a viral infection: it is respiratory syncytial, and adenovirus, and influenza virus, and cytomegalovirus.


The association of specifically obstruction is indicated by the following symptoms:

• re-rise;
  
• cough - unproductive, seizures;
  
• increased respiration more than the norm;
  
• you can hear wheezing wheezes on exhalation;
  
• takes part in respiration: the wings of the nose, the supra- and subclavian areas, the jugular fossa, the intercostal spaces;
  
• weak cry;
  
• refusal of food, as it is difficult to breathe when it is taken;
  
• anxiety or drowsiness.

Treatment of obstructive bronchitis in children

Obstructive bronchitis in children, especially in an infant, should be treated in a hospital. At home, you can:

1. 1) Buy a nebulizer, and carry out inhalations( at body temperature not higher than 37.5 ° C) with saline solution of sodium chloride, into which it is possible to add the number of drops of solution for inhalation Berodual corresponding to age. For the first case, the inhaler Berodual( he is better than Ventolin) is suitable only if it is prescribed by a doctor.
   
2. 2) Give a lot of liquids( a little more than the norm) in the form of water, tea, compote from dried fruits, non-acidic fruit juice or juice.
   
3. 3) Antibiotics are prescribed by a physician taking into account the clinical picture.
   
4. 4) Expectorants in the period of blocked bronchi should be contraindicated, they should be prescribed by a pediatrician.
   
5. 5) If you count the number of breaths per minute at rest( not with crying or running) and it is more than 10% or more normal, or you can not adequately drink the baby( even if given in 10 minutes by a teaspoon of water)or he became too restless / drowsy, do not wait for a pediatrician, call an ambulance.

Obstructive bronchitis in children: treatment by Dr. Komarovsky

Everyone knows the pediatrician Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky will tell you how to treat this type of bronchitis correctly in children, depending on the child's age.

Prevention

is to strengthen immunity by hardening, eating healthy foods, stopping smoking and drinking alcohol. Periodically - in the spring and in the autumn - it is important to take courses of vitamin therapy with complex preparations( Oligovit, Kvadevit, Vitrum and others).

It is important for adults who work in hazardous production to change their place of work. It is also important to keep cleanliness in the house, to ventilate the apartment well, to ensure that the air humidity and temperature are maintained at the proper level.

If obstructive bronchitis is common in a child, you can not do without a home compressor inhaler. At the first signs of ARVI, you can inhale the baby( when there is no temperature) 0.9% NaCl.

It is also important to ensure that the baby is provided with a hypoallergenic diet, and to introduce all new products gradually, observing the response to them from the respiratory tract. During the disease, new products can not be given. Vitaminotherapy, house ventilation, smoking cessation in the room also applies to preventive measures in children.

Complications of

It is possible to list such complications of obstructive bronchitis:

• respiratory failure is a life-threatening complication;
  
• pneumonia;
  
• emphysema;
  
• amyloidosis;
  
• pneumosclerosis;
  
• cardiac dysrhythmia: a change in the rhythm or strength of the heartbeat.

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