Change in speech - Causes, symptoms and treatment. MF.
The human speech apparatus consists of several levels. Initially, speech is formed in the speech center in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere of the brain. Then the brain centers responsible for arbitrary movements enter the case. After this, excitation is transferred from the central nervous system along the nerve fibers to the muscles of the larynx, pharynx, palatal curtain, tongue, lips, cheeks. And with the help of the movements of these muscles and the flow of air in the upper respiratory tract, speech is performed. As a result of various diseases, at each described stage of speech formation, a "breakdown" can occur. Speech disorders manifest themselves in different ways depending on the level of damage.
| Level of lesion | Type of speech impairment | Description | Diseases |
| Central nervous system in children | Alalia | Speech in the child was not formed as a function of | Underdevelopment of the cerebral cortex, epilepsy |
| Central nervous system in adults( cerebral cortex) | Aphasia | The understanding of the lexical and grammatical constructions of the language is broken - the person in consciousness either does not understand the speech addressed to him, or he himself can not correctly construct a phrase or pick up the right oneword | Stroke, tumors, traumatic brain injury, dementia, degenerative diseases, infections, poisoning, metabolic disorders |
| Central and peripheral nervous system, nerve fibers, neuromuscular transmission, muscles | Dysarthria | Articulation violation - tongue and lips "do not obey, Porridge in the mouth | Stroke, multiple sclerosis, syringobulbia, tumors, traumatic brain injury, infections, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, amyotrophy, Chiari anomaly, vascular aneurysm, Guillain-Barre syndrome, dystonia,myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, muscular dystrophy |
| Central and peripheral nervous system, nerve fibers, neuromuscular transmission, muscles | Dysphonia | Muffled, hoarse voice, nasal | Stroke, multiple sclerosis, syringogulbia, tumors, head injury, infections, amyotrophic lateralsclerosis, amyotrophy, Chiari anomaly, vascular aneurysm, Guillain-Barre syndrome, thyroid surgery, heart and aortic diseases, volumetric formations beyond the breastbone, myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, muscular dystrophy |
| Central Nervous System | Mutism | Complete absence of speech | Defeat of certain brain structures, epilepsy, mental illness( schizophrenia, hysteria, depression) |