Lily
Description and varieties. Lilies - perennial herbaceous bulbous plants from the family of lily plants with subterranean scaly loops.
Structure of the lily plant
1. Bulb in the axillary leaf.
2. The sinus leaf.
3. Stem.
4. Children are formed on the underground part of the stem.
5. Bulb with bulbous scales.
6. Bulbous accessory roots.
7. Extra-stemmed( cauline) accessory roots of
by moths. There are about 100 wild species common in East Asia, the mountains of India, North America, and more than 3 thousand varieties.
Plants from 20 cm to 1.5-2 m in height with linear or lanceolate leaves alternately or whorled. The stem and leaves of some varieties and species are pubescent. Staining varies from bright green to brownish, sometimes even with a purple hue. There are bulbous varieties and lily species: in the axillary of their leaves are formed pochkolukovichki( bulbs) - special organs of vegetative reproduction. Flowers solitary or from 2 to 40 flowers are collected at the tip of the stem into inflorescences of metolico-, cyst-, umbelliform- or corymbose. A flower with a simple perianth of 6 free lobes. The lobes are straight or bent backwards with the nectariferous gland at the base of each lobe of the
. There are several forms of of the lily flower structure : funnel-shaped( or cup-shaped), chal-like, tubular, cupiform and bell-shaped.
Special decorative features of the flower are given by six highly prominent stamens with elongated, brightly colored anthers that swing freely on long, thin bases. The size, shape and color of the flower vary, many flowers have a pleasant aroma.
Fruit - a box divided by partitions into 3 nests.
The underground part of the plant consists of a bulb and a two-tiered or single-tiered root system. Each bulb is a shortened long-term shoot consisting of a stem part that has degenerated into a bulbous bottom, and is modified into juicy bulbous scales of leaves. In the scales during the vegetation period, the supply of nutrients is postponed. The subordinate roots leave the ground. Bulb - the organ of vegetative renewal and reproduction of the plant, the storage of nutrients. The root system is represented by subordinate roots - onion, bulb, growing from the bottom, and supralukemic( stem), forming the underground part of the stem. Plants with different flowering period, with flowers ranging in diameter from 2.5 to 30 cm of any color and shades, except blue. And hybrid varieties have not only outstanding decorative qualities - they are hardy and have increased resistance to diseases.
The Garden Classification of Hybrid Lilies is based on common biological features and ancestry. In accordance with the international classification, all hybrid lilies are grouped into 9 sections:( 1) Asian hybrids;(2) hybrids Marta-gon;(3) hybrids of Candidum;(4) American hybrids;(5) Adinous flower hybrids;(6) Tubular hybrids;(7) Oriental hybrids;(8) all other hybrids;(9) Species lilies.
Asian hybrids are the most numerous section of lilies, it presents the largest number of modern varieties of lilies. This section combines varieties, differing in the shape of the flower, color, height of the plant. Inside the section, depending on the direction of the flower in relation to the stalk, there are three subdivisions:
varieties with upward directed flowers,
varieties with downward flowers,
- varieties with side-directed flowers.
Funnel-shaped flower shape( Asian hybrids)
Asian hybrids are subdivided into low-grown( up to 50 cm), medium-sized( up to 100 cm) and tall( 100-150 cm) in height.
This section presents the chalmoid, tubular and cup shape of the flower. The largest flowers, depending on the variety, reach 12 cm in diameter.
Asian hybrids are characterized by increased frost resistance when growing outdoors. The flowering period of the varieties of this group of hybrids depends on the variety in the interval from the end of June to the beginning of August.
The Martagon hybrids are certainly not as extensive a section as Asian hybrids, but their varieties are no less decorative and are favored by flower growers. The flowers of this variety are only chalmoid-shaped
Chalmoid flower shape( Asian hybrids, Martagon hybrids, American hybrids)
Tubular flower shape( Asian hybrids, hybrids, Candidum, Long flower hybrids)
and a variety of colors. A distinctive feature of flowers is their carp-toast, that is, the presence of small specks on the petals. Flowers up to 7-9 cm in diameter form powerful inflorescences on the top of the peduncle, the number of flowers can reach 20-25 pieces. The height of the plant is 130-180 cm. Flowering of different varieties falls on the period from the middle of June to the third decade of July. Hybrids of Martagon are not particularly winter hardy when grown outdoors and require shelter. Especially it is necessary to be afraid of late May frosts, when the shelter has already been removed and the bulbs can freeze.
Candidum hybrids are an even smaller section compared to even the Martagos hybrids. The flowers of the varieties of this section are only tubular with the backs of the petals bent backwards, which gives the flower an easy graceful appearance. Flowers large, up to 12 cm in diameter, form an inflorescence, in which there can be up to 8-10 flowers. Flowering of different varieties falls on the period from mid-June to mid-July. Bulbs should not be buried when planting.
American hybrids of belong to the rhizome type of lilies. The varieties of this section are distinguished by the tallness of plants, which can reach 200 cm in height. Flowers predominantly chalmoid, large, up to 10-12 cm in diameter, collected in a pyramidal inflorescence. In the inflorescence, the flowers are inclined downward and their number can reach 15-20 pieces. The flowering time is in July, with the onset of cold weather, shelter is required. A small number of lilies in the varietal respect.
Cup-shaped flower shape( Asian hybrids, tubular hybrids)
Long-flowered hybrids are very delicate plants and in conditions of our climate they are practically not grown outdoors. However, in conditions of closed ground, the varieties of long-flowered hybrids are cut off with the highest quality and extraordinary decorativeness. The flowers are narrow and elongated, they are very elegant and look great as a center in various flower compositions. This section of lilies is also called according to the French pattern "Longiflo-rum" -hybrids. There are few varieties of this section.
The tubular hybrids of the after the Asian hybrids are the most extensive section in terms of the number and variety of the varieties presented. Depending on the shape of the flowers and their location on the peduncle, four subdivisions are distinguished within the section of the tubular hybrids:
chalmoid flowers( drooping),
cupiform flowers,
tubular flowers,
"star shaped( flat) flowers.
Flowers of varieties of tubular hybrids are large, elongated, up to 20 cm in length. Coloring of flowers of various varieties is very diverse, the color spectrum covers the spectrum from bright red and crimson to delicate pastel and white tones. Flowers of most varieties have a strong pleasant aroma. Flowers of different shapes are collected in the inflorescence at the top of the peduncle, in the inflorescence can be 10-15, and in some varieties up to 20 flowers. Plants are usually tall, from 120 to 200 cm. Flowering of different varieties of tubular hybrids
The bell-shaped form of the flower( Eastern hybrids)
falls between mid-July and mid-August. Plants are quite hardy and frost-hardy, so most varieties can be grown outdoors in the climatic conditions of the middle belt. For winter it is recommended to cover wintering bulbs of lilies.
Oriental hybrids are characterized by unusual color saturation and purity and huge flower sizes. Large flowers can reach 30 cm in diameter. Coloring of flowers is often combined: red with white, pink with white, white with red stripes or spots. The shape of flowers in different varieties is diverse, flowers can be tubular, chalmoid-shaped, cup-shaped. The height of plants also varies widely, the varieties of eastern hybrids can be classified as low-growing( up to 50 cm), medium-sized( up to 100-120 cm) and tall( 120-200 cm). Oriental hybrids of are quite demanding to the landing site, so their cultivation and care will require some effort. The main requirements of different varieties of oriental hybrids are the sun protected from the wind place of growth and fertile soil with an acid reaction from medium to acidic. For winter, shelter is required for bulbs.
Varieties
Asian hybrids
Paprika, Grand Paradiso, Carmen, America, Monte Negro, Scarlet Sails, Fire King, Diana, Red umbrella, Red Lion, Incantment, Stones, Sinnabar.
Asian hybrids Yellow
Aelita, Golden Melody, Destiny, Citronella, Soulstarite, Solar, Connecticut Quin, Golden summer, Golden Bottom, Nova Sento, Willow Submarine, Yellow Bird, Laxheri. Orange and Salmon
Rothay, Orange, Connecticut King, Natalia, Smart, Harmony, Brandywine, Connecticut Yankees, Giselle, Volkhova. Pink
Veronica, Rosita, God, Cote d'Azur, Montreux, Svetlana. White
Sterling Star, Inzel, Mont Blanc. Two-color
Rembrandt ( pink with orange), Kansas ( yellow with orange), Leonardo ( white with pink).
Hybrids Martagon
Mrs. Beckhaus ( yellow), Gay Laye ( light pink), Markhan ( orange).
Hybrid Candidum
Ares ( orange), Apollo ( white), Prejud ( red).
American hybrids
Shuxan ( bright yellow), Cherrywood ( red).
Long Flower Hybrids
White Fox, Snow Queen.
Tubular hybrids Orange and yellow
Zeltite, Spitnik, HartsDisaye, Africa Ku-
in, Race, Zanderbold, Golden Splendor, Limelight
( with a greenish tinge).
White
Atwassar, Richard Latti, Regale Gigantem, Green
Dragon, BlackDragon.
Lilac and pink
Witseme, Pink Perfecten, Damson.
Eastern hybrids Red
Barbaresco, Stargaizer, Bonfire. White
Impression of China and Imperial Silver ( with red spots), Crimson Beauty and Mona Lisa ( with red strips), Casablanca. Pink Pink Glory, Kon Amore, Omega, Jonas End.
Other hybrids
Spirit ( soft cream), RoyalDelight ( bright yellow), Royal Parade ( red), Royal Dream ( white), Moneymaker ( pink).
Species lilies
Lily regalia ( white with yellow yawn, purple
from the outside, height 100-150 cm).
Lily snow-white ( white, height 100-150 cm).
Tiger lily ( orange-red, height
100-150 cm).
Lily Henry ( yellow speckled, height up to 250 cm).
Terry lilies( new items of selection)
Sphinx, Aphrodite, Fata Morgana.
Breeding, growing and care. Usually lilies are grown in one place without transplantation for 3-5 years. During this time they form nests of bulbs of different ages and sizes. If the lilies in the younger plantations are ill, they must be dug and transplanted to another place, without adhering to such a long period of excavation. It should also be taken into account that the fast-breeding lilies of Asian hybrids are transplanted more often, every 3 years, and slow-breeding lilies of Martagon and Tubular hybrids are less frequent.
The time of transplantation to a new location should coincide with the end of vegetation, when the bulbs of lilies grow stronger after flowering, which in the central strip of Russia corresponds to the period from mid-September to early October. In everyday practical floriculture, the methods of vegetative propagation lilies are most often used.
Reproduction by bulbs. Due to the formation of several buds on one bulb of renewal 3-4 years after planting in Asian and 5-6 years in Tubulars, a whole nest of bulbs is formed in its place. Daughter bulbs with an independent root system are separated and planted as independent plants in mid-August. These terms can be shifted by the end of the month or even in September. They are determined primarily by the condition of the bulbs. After the flowering of the lilies, the bulbs are severely depleted, lose mass, become loose, the scales thin, bind. It should be 1 - 1.5 months after flowering, so that the bulb gained strength - became large, dense and elastic. This process is influenced by all factors: heat, moisture, and nutrition. Under favorable conditions in early August, they begin to transplant the lilies of the June flowering period( mainly Asian hybrids).
The stems of lilies need to be cut off, leaving the stump, if by the time of division they are green, with no signs of disease. If the stems are dead, which indicates the presence of fungal diseases, then after the bulbs are dug out, carefully unscrew them.
The bulb socket should be scooped out without trimming the roots, then shake off the ground and inspect them. Nests usually disintegrate, but sometimes they have to be divided with effort. This is done by hands, without the use of tools, after trimming stems. Scales with rusty or brown spots should be removed and destroyed. Roots need to be cut at 15 cm, dead cut completely. Pure bulbs with roots are processed by
Division of of the lily bulb socket
. In case of plant development debts in one place without a transplant, a bulb socket is formed, in which there may be several well developed large bulbs. Such nests must be divided and planted onions one at a time. This provides a better nutrition for each bulb, giving it the ability to form a strong plant with good flowering. For this, the nest is excavated, the stems are cut and hands break the nest, separating the bulbs, often well-ripened bulbs in the nest disintegrate themselves
1. After separation of the nest bulbs are processed and planted in a new place.
2. Large bulbs with well developed fleshy external scales can be deposited to separate scales for reproduction.
3. In the nest may be different in size bulbs, they should be sorted, this determines the depth of their planting and the distance between plants
baiting for 20-30 minutes in a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate. Plant separated bulbs in well-prepared land, which in dry weather on the eve of planting it is necessary to water. The low-growing lilies are planted to a depth of 10-12 cm for large bulbs and 7-8 cm for small bulbs, medium-sized for 12-15 and 8-10 cm, respectively, tall ones for 15-20 and 10-12 cm( depth indicated to the bottombulbs).Holes for planting should be done 10 cm deeper, as the lilies are transplanted with roots, which must be carefully spread out, pouring clean river sand with a layer of 2-3 cm under the bottom of the bulb, and then filling it with earth. The minimum distances between the bulbs in the landing for these groups are the same, respectively: for low-growing lilies - 15-20 cm, for medium-sized - 20-25 cm, for tall ones - 25-30 cm.
Depth of planting bulbs of a lily
1. Babies,and onions, developed on scales.
2. Medium sized bulbs.
3. Large bulbs
Depth of planting bulbs of lilies, cm
Low Medium - tall tall tall
Large
bulbs 10-12 12-15 15-20
Small
bulbs 7-8 8-10 10-12
Distance
between
bulbs 15-20 20-25 25-30
Reproduction by children, formed on the underground part of the stem. Babies are separated from the of the mother plant during transplantation or after raking away the soil from the stem. Separation and disembarkation of young children are carried out in August.
Propagation by bollards. A number of so-called varieties of lilies have the ability to form in the axil of leaves small stem buds - bulbs. On one shoot they can develop up to 150-180 pieces. Bulbousness of varieties differs in the time of bulb formation( before, during and after flowering), their number, size and color( from: light green to dark brown).Increasing bulbosity and the formation of larger bulbs contribute to the removal of buds and increased humidity. Often, the buds, not yet separated from the shoots, form roots, sometimes 1-2 leaves. At the end of summer - early autumn bulbs begin to easily separate from the stem. At this point, they need to be collected for further cultivation and in order not to clog the planting. Collected bulbochki need to be treated with 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate, soak in the solution for 20 minutes. Then the collected bulbs are planted to grow into striae 2-3 cm deep with a distance between rows of 15-20 cm, between bulbs in a row - 5-6 cm.
For winter, bulb plantations are covered on frozen soil with a layer of 10-15 cm of woody leaves,sawdust or peat. The grown bulbs can be planted in the ground in 1-2 years in a permanent place.
Reproduction by onion scales. This method, which gives a large number of planting material( up to 150 or more from one bulb), is suitable for all species, hybrids and varieties of lilies. It is based on the ability of the scales separated from the bulb to form small bulbs. The timing of flaking for different species of lilies is different. The best term for a number of varieties from the group Asian hybrids and for royal lily( regalia) is spring, for Tubular hybrids - the flowering phase. When flashing lilies into optimal
for them the terms young bulbs are formed earlier and in large quantities. This way you can multiply the lilies at any time of the year. The best result is obtained when using external, largest and fleshy scales for reproduction. Scales should be white, healthy, without spots. To remove scales bulbs are either excavated( therefore flakes are often carried out in August, combining it with lily transplantation), or rake away the soil from them, but without disturbing the growth of plants, this is done in May in this way. With bulbs removed up to 1/2 or up to 2/3 of all scales. The maternal bulb at the same time continues to grow and develop normally, the quality of its bloom is almost not reduced. The removed scales are washed and treated with a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate. After this, they must be dried, put in a clean polyethylene bag, tied up and placed in a dark place, where it should be stored for about 1.5 months at room temperature( 22-24 ° C).Then it is desirable to place the bags for a month in a cooler place, where the temperature does not exceed 17-18 ° C.Before planting, they should be stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2-4 ° C.During this period bulbs of different sizes are formed on scales, at best - up to 1 cm in diameter. Depending on the time of the year, they are planted in boxes, in greenhouses, in greenhouses or ridges of open ground. Choose a site for growing lilies should be carefully. All lilies require protection from strong wind, but the stagnation of moist air, leading to damage to plants with gray rot, is very dangerous, therefore the site should not only be well protected from winds, but also sufficiently ventilated.
3. Reproduction of lilies by bulbous scales
1. Scaling is most often performed simultaneously with bulb transplantation. Bulb should dig
and gently separate well-developed external large fleshy scales. With a large bulb you can remove up to 2/3 of the scales, it will continue to grow.
2. Scales removed should be washed, treated with a solution of potassium permanganate, dried and stored first in a warm, then in a cool place. On the scales, tiny onions are formed, which will gradually grow and develop the root system, in the spring they can be planted in the soil
. Regardless of whether the planting of lilies is carried out in spring or autumn, the features of the whole agrotechnical activities( site selection, soil preparation, planting, care, warmingfor the winter) depend first of all on the belonging of the lilies to this or that section: different groups of lilies make different demands on the conditions of cultivation. Thus, Asian hybrids prefer slightly acidic soils and light shade, although they also grow well in open sunny areas. Tubular hybrids grow better on neutral and slightly alkaline soils, in open solar areas. Lily Martagon and Oriental hybrids require placing in the penumbra. Lilies need loose, water-permeable nutrient soil, clean from rhizome weeds. Clayey, waterproof and sandy, low-mass soil for lilies are not suitable. The site on which the lilies are to be planted should not be flooded with water, because from the stagnation of water the bulbs can easily rot and die. Since many lilies belong to forest plants, fertile soils with a large humus layer that come from under deciduous forest are suitable for them. Since the lilies are planted for a long time( Asian hybrids for 3-4 years, Tubular for 6-8 years), soil preparation plays an important role in their culture. Under the dig( 1 m2), up to 10 kg of humus, up to 20-50 grams of bone meal, 15-20 grams of urea, 30-50 grams of simple or 20-25 grams of double superphosphate, 15-30 grams of sulphatepotassium. Under the Asian hybrids, peat is introduced, for Tubular soils liming, introducing lime under the previous crop or in the spring. Soil treatment is conducted to a depth of 35-40 cm.
The depth of planting for lilies forming only bulbous roots should not exceed 2-3 cm, counting from the tip of the bulb;for the genera of the supra-stem( stem) roots - 3 heights of the bulb. Depth of planting is reduced for young onions, and also for
Planting of lilies
Lily bulbs can be planted in a basket that will protect them from moles and mice-voles. To do this, dig a pit enough to place a basket in it, lay a drainage layer at least 10 cm thick at the bottom, fill the soil with a basket and put a bulb in it, at a depth specified by its depth. After that place the basket in the pit, fill it with soil and compact it around the basket
heavy soils. Insufficiently hardy and more powerful tubular hybrids are planted to a depth of 15-20 cm. When transplanting, drying of bulbs and their roots should not be tolerated, this adversely affects survival, wintering and further growth of plants. Bulbs are planted in a layer of sand( 3-4 cm), poured on the bottom of the hole, protecting the bulb of the bulb from decay. After landing, the soil is abundantly watered and mulched.
Maintenance of plantings is common: weeding, watering, loosening and top dressing. For winter, areas with tubular hybrids and small onions are covered on frozen soil with a layer of 15-20 cm of mulch material. In the spring, before shoots appear, the plants are fed with ammonium nitrate( 30-40 g / m2), and after the emergence of shoots - full mineral fertilizer in a dose of 40-60 g / m2;the same feeding is given during budding and 1 to 2 weeks after cutting.
Due to the fact that the superluminal roots of the lilies are located in the upper soil layer, its drying and overheating adversely affect the development of plants. To avoid drying and overheating of the supramellar roots, the soil is mulched with organic materials or peat with a layer of 3-4 cm. Watered under the root, as the moistening of the leaves promotes the development of gray rot. To form larger bulbs when growing on planting material, the buds that are formed form are removed from the plants. Lily flowers are cut early in the morning or late at night, and in cool, cloudy weather - at any time. For the normal development of the bulb when cutting inflorescences on the plant, leave at least 1/3 of the length of the stem.
Diseases and pests. The most common fungal diseases: gray rot( botrytis), fusariose rot of bulbs, less common, but the most dangerous viral diseases. Of pests the most dangerous are the onion mite, onion murmur, and in the greenhouse - aphids.