Kidney transplantation, preparation for surgery and technique
Kidney transplant is an operation that is performed to replace a dysfunctional kidney with a healthy kidney. A donor kidney can be obtained from a living relative or from dead donors.
Kidney transplantation is a relatively recent form of surgical intervention. The principal feature of this operation is that for its realization a donor is required and after removing the kidney from the donor it will be necessary to maintain the viability of the organ for some time.
The choice of the donor kidney is performed using immunological tests. To maintain viability throughout life after surgery, the patient is on therapy that suppresses immunity, as well as under the constant supervision of doctors.
Preparing for operation
Before proceeding, the doctor explains to the patient the whole essence of the manipulations and answers any questions that arise regarding the technique of carrying out. Then the patient signs a special form informing about the consent to the organ transplant operation.
If dialysis was performed prior to the transplant, then it must be performed immediately before transplanting. When organizing a planned operation for transplantation, that is, a related transplantation, it is required eight hours before it to refuse to eat.
In order to relax before the operation the doctor prescribes the taking of sedatives. If necessary, for the state of health specialist gives other recommendations.
The main feature of the preparation for kidney transplantation is the need to implement chronic hemodialysis. Surgical methods of preparation include bilateral nephrectomy, performed in the case when the patient suffered from infected pionephrosis, polycystic kidney disease or nephrolithiasis.
If there is a ulcerative lesion in the patient's medical history, pyloroplasty is performed before the kidney transplant operation is performed.
Currently, due to advances in medicine, kidney transplantation is the most acceptable and effective way to preserve a full-time life of a patient with a chronic form of insufficiency.
Transplantation of the donor organ significantly prolongs the life of patients and improves its quality, especially in people with such serious pathologies. Like glomerulonephritis, diabetes, pyelonephritis, nephrosclerosis, polycystosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Thanks to the exact technique of kidney transplantation, the experience of specialists can achieve good results.
An important component of the operation's success is to prevent kidney rejection, as well as correctly organize rehabilitation after surgery and the organization of therapy that suppresses the work of immunity. To accelerate the process of adaptation of the body to a new organ, during postoperative observation of a patient with a transplanted kidney, the dosage of immunosuppressant medications is constantly adjusted, and preparations are prescribed that improve blood flow in the kidney and prevent the formation of blood clots.
Transplant from a donor
In comparison with kidney transplantation from a deceased person, a related kidney transplant has many benefits.
If a person is scheduled to carry out a related organ transplant, that is, the donor becomes a relative, then the operation is organized in a planned manner. A potential donor should have the same blood group as the patient and a good health condition.
- The donor's body is always at hand, which is why doctors get the opportunity to properly prepare for the operation of both the donor and the patient. In such a situation, the transplant is made in a planned manner at an appropriate time, thus allowing to minimize the occurrence of serious postoperative complications.
- A kidney taken from a related donor is practically always workable and healthy. This significantly increases the patient's chances of surviving transplanted graft. The success of an operation for kidney transplantation from a relative is much higher in comparison with the transplantation of a corpse organ.
- Involvement of living donors in the process of kidney transplantation fully justifies itself due to the shortage of cadaver organs and the constantly increasing number of people affected and in need of kidney transplantation.
Operation Technique for Related Kidney Transplantation
The donor kidney transplant is performed as follows: as a rule, the left kidney is taken, which is then placed on the right side of the patient's ileum. The transplantation operation is carried out simultaneously for the donor and for the recipient, in connection with which, in the operating room, two teams of surgeon doctors work simultaneously, one of which removes the kidney and ureters from the donor, while the other prepares a place for implantation.
The surgeon must carefully monitor the release of the vascular knife and its suppression, as close as possible to the main vessels. From the surgical technique of the operation, the process of vascular pedicle isolation, its suppression and further anastomosis with the artery of the kidney, the process of ureteral discharge and its movement into the bladder are the most difficult and key moments during the operation.
Transplantation is completed by the process of restoring the continuity of the urinary canals. The maximum capacity of the transplanted organ will be observed in five to ten days after the transplantation. With a favorable course of healing, the patient is discharged from the hospital seven to ten days after the operation. The donor is discharged on the second or third day.
A person with a transplanted kidney remains under the supervision of specialists on an outpatient basis for two months. Control over the health after the operation and supervision by the doctor consists in the regular delivery of urine and blood tests, carrying out the required instrumental examinations and visiting the attending physician.
Possible complications of
Possible bleeding complications after the operation, formation of urinary fistula, infection of the wound and kidney bed. Sometimes there is a development of kidney failure in the transplant, rejection of the donor organ or complications, which are correlated with the suppression of the work of immunity.
In 10-15% of cases, there may be a temporary absence of kidney transplant functions due to severe dystrophy and other pathologies.
Normal operation of the transplanted kidney is usually restored after two weeks. In order to remove nitrogenous products from it during this period, the patient undergoes hemodialysis.