Hygienic education
A three-year-old child can wash his face and hands on his own, use a handkerchief, dress and undress, and also take shoes and take off shoes with a little help from the adults when buttoning up and fastening laces, eat a spoon and drink from the cup, sit at the table correctly, rinse your mouth aftereating, brushing your teeth. A child of this age has already mastered the ability to use the pot on his own. Recently, plastic liners for toilet bowls intended for preschool children have been produced and are on sale. The child should be taught to sit down on the toilet seat liner, use toilet paper correctly, be sure to wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet.
The muscular system at this age develops unevenly. Large muscles are well developed, small ones( brushes, fingers) are still weak and quickly get tired. Cartilage tissue is strongly replaced by bone. The bones of the skull, hands and feet are intensively growing. But in general, the bones are not strong enough. They have few mineral salts, and the first curvature of the spine can begin at this time. In order to avoid deformation of bones, their incorrect ossification and disturbance of posture, it is necessary to monitor the correct placement of the child at the table, his position in bed during sleep and motor activity.
Unlike adults, children spend more effort during the sitting and produce significant muscle work, because they are still learning to overcome the unstable balance. Sitting for them is an act of static tension, and not rest, as in adults. It is known that equilibrium is much easier to observe in motion. That's why children quickly get tired of sitting and with pleasure run.
The seating process can be made easier and more pleasant if you pay attention to the correct fit. Sitting correctly means accepting a position where the hips are at right angles to the spine and legs, the soles touch the floor with the entire surface. It's bad when the legs do not reach the floor or the seat is so low that the lower leg rises above the level of the hip joints. And in the first and second position, muscle tone is broken and they get tired faster. It is desirable to work out a straight landing so that the child's back is parallel to the back of the chair. Excessive support on the back and the associated back deflection back are as harmful as the torso bending forward, contributing to the development of incorrect posture, round back, stoop.
The height of the table, behind which the child sits, should be such that the hands and forearms lie freely on it without stop. A relatively high table causes excessive elbow lift and compensatory curvature of the spine. At a low table the child bends the body forward, stoops.
An incorrect landing at the table is not only a violation of posture, but also cramped conditions for the activity of important vital organs: the heart, lungs, kidneys, intestines.
The human eye is designed in such a way that a distance of 30-35 cm is the most convenient for viewing small objects. At any age, this distance is most effective for precise actions, reading, drawing, etc. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the baby "does not take a nose" on paper when viewing pictures, drawing and modeling.
The table of the child and the place where he constantly plays should be well lit. It is desirable that the light falls on the left side and the hand holding the pencil does not obscure the blank field of the drawing. Poor illumination, incorrect posture and systematic disruption of the distance between the eyes and the subject under consideration can contribute to the development of myopia and other visual defects.
incidentally should be said about watching television programs. If the child often watches TV, there may be overload of vision, hearing, psyche. The length of watching TV programs for children of this age, in our opinion, should be about 15 minutes. At this time interval, the popular program "Good night, kids" also fits. Passion for TV shows is not only a violation of the regime of the day, but also a great threat of mental overwork. Very often, the baby sleeps restlessly after watching a movie or another large program in the evening.
Mental fatigue is just one of the reasons for restless sleep. Another reason for this can be spicy food at dinner. Fried meat, salted and marinated dishes, spicy seasonings and snacks excite the nervous system, cause thirst and associated with it a temporary over-saturation of the body with liquid.
Sleep - the physiological state of the body, and it must be preceded by a series of useful conditioned reflex actions. First, evacuation of the intestine and bladder. In the fourth year of life, children should do this themselves, without the help of adults. In most cases, they already stop using the pot and adjust to the toilet bowls for adults.
Face washing, brushing teeth, mouthwash - the second mandatory procedure before bedtime. If the baby falls asleep badly, you can use the third procedure - a warm shower. When undressing and putting the child in bed, an adult should only watch that the clothes are neatly packed into place, a nightdress or pajama worn, and he himself lay down on his right side and laid his left hand over the blanket. In this position, the baby should be left alone, without waiting until he falls asleep. Otherwise, parents will always be "tied" to a sleeping child, and he, accidentally waking up at night, will experience a feeling of fear and loneliness.
But what about when a child is afraid of the dark? Fear of darkness is not so rare. It is peculiar to many children. If the kid does not want to stay alone in a dark room, do not scold him, punish him, call him "coward".From these measures, fear will not disappear, and the child will simply hide his fear. Such a child should be reassured, cuddled, persuaded. If he agrees, you can leave the door open in a lighted room or turn on the night light.
The air in the room where the toddler sleeps must be cool, the window or window leaf( depending on the season) open.
With respect to sleep, the ancient rule remains valid - it is better to go to bed earlier and to get up early, since a dream from the dawn to dusk most corresponds to the biological nature of a person. If the conditions of proper sleep are observed, it not only brings a full rest, but also ends with a joyful awakening, a desire to get out of bed and get warm. It was then that the time of morning exercises arrived. In order for her exercises to be more varied and interesting, it is necessary to purchase a rope, balls, a gymnastic hoop and a gymnastic stick with a length of 90-100 cm and a diameter of 2.5-3 cm for the child.
In the fourth year the child is not yet very clearly performing verbal commands while charging, so he should do it with adults. In this case, the kid not only hears the explanation of the exercises, but also sees their correct execution. When showing movements, the frequency of breathing should be considered. In children, the more they are younger. Movement involving many muscle groups, including the muscles of the trunk, is slower than the movement of only the hands or feet.
Morning exercise, which, as always, is good outdoors or at an open window, starts with walking, warm-up, then comes breathing exercises, jogging( up to 100 m), again breathing exercises and gay wrestling. In the implementation of the exercises you need to make as many game elements as possible. You can use quatrains, counters, simple songs, game situations that mimic the actions of animals, hunting, traveling on transport, etc.
Still exercises "spring"( bouncing), throwing the ball from the chest, because of the head and inpurpose( basket, hoop, etc.), overcoming obstacles, "football", exercises with a stick.
Walking is complicated by the fact that the child moves on the toes, heels, the outside, and then the inner edge of the foot, with a high rise of straight or bent legs. Breathing and other exercises are diversified by simulating flight of birds, swimming, sipping, using objects: rods, hoops, ropes.
Exercises such as the slope of the body sideways( right, left), down;the torso of the body forward so that the child aspires to reach the floor with his fingers or, picking up the ball, bending over, shifted it from one hand to the other behind the legs at the level of the ankles;squatting and tapping with a stick on the floor( "chicken pecks grain");turns of the trunk in the supine position on the back. Hands and feet are spread out, the ball in one hand. Without tearing off the legs and the second hand from the floor, the kid must turn the torso and shift the ball into the other hand. Movement for children in 3-4 years in most cases are imitative( fly like a butterfly, beat the drum, rip an apple, etc.).
It should be borne in mind that the same exercises for more than 8-10 days in a row for children can be boring.
As usual, charging ends with running, walking and water procedures.
Morning exercise for 4-5-year-olds should last 5-6 minutes. Each week 1-2 new exercises are introduced into the complex. Completely the complex is updated usually not more often than once a month. At first, the exercises of the new complex may seem difficult to the child. Then, at first, some of them can be performed in a lightweight version. If the children make mistakes during the exercise, they should point to it with a smile, a cheerful tone.
If, for some reason, physical exercises with children are carried out immediately after sleep, it can be done in the daytime 1-2 hours after breakfast or after a day's sleep. In the evening, exercise should be done no later than 1-2 hours before bedtime. The benefits of evening classes are certainly less, which is due to the child's lower activity at this time. It's good if classes are accompanied by music. This helps the rhythm of movement, facilitates the performance of exercises. The best musical accompaniment is children's songs, easy marching music.
Often parents are interested in the age at which children can buy certain sports equipment. The answer is one - skis, skates, scooters, bicycles can be purchased when the child shows interest to them and will be able to master them. You can put skis on the skis from 3 years old, skates with 4-5, tricycle can enter into his life in 2-3 years, two-wheeled - from 3-4 years.
With 2-3 years the child becomes available such a favorite kind of entertainment, like a scooter. It must be selected according to the growth of the baby. When riding, he clings to the steering wheel with his hands, one foot on the platform, the second one pushes from the ground. To the physical load on both legs was the same, push off one by one, then the other. Driving on a scooter increases the motor activity of children, develops their natural posture and motor reactions, reminiscent of those when running. Learning to skate on a scooter allows the child to quickly and easily master the ride on a two-wheeled bicycle.
Cycling strengthens muscles, trains balance, coordination of movement, brings up courage, determination. The first child to buy a two-wheeled bicycle should be with wide tires. He is selected strictly for growth. Saddle it is strengthened so that the child does not have to strongly bend. The distance from the seat to the lowered pedal should correspond to the length of the leg with the foot, which in children 4-5 years is approximately 25 cm, 6-7 years - 30 cm. The distance from the steering wheel to the seat vertically for children 4-5 years should not exceed18 cm, 6-7 years - 20-22 cm. And yet, if a baby rides a bicycle, it is important to constantly monitor the correctness of his posture. To prevent her violations every 20-30 minutes, it is recommended to arrange a break in skating, so that the child can run, jump, play mobile games. It is not recommended to buy a bicycle for children who have a violation of their posture.
During the training of children skating on a scooter, a bicycle, it is necessary to educate their attention and discipline, familiarize them with the rules of traffic.
For children of preschool age is characterized by an extraordinary desire to know the surrounding objects, things, phenomena.
The child acquires new knowledge and skills in the process of playing, working, studying, etc. It is therefore important to properly organize them, to give them the necessary directions. The adult can take part in the game of the kid, help him to complicate or continue the game started by the child on his own initiative. However, it is never worthwhile to force children to play at the decree of an adult. In such a situation, they lose interest, they can quit the game and begin to protest against the interference of an adult.
It is necessary to take into account not only the age, but also the individual characteristics, inclinations and interests of the baby, correctly evaluate and use its capabilities wisely. Overload can cause fatigue and have a negative impact on health, physical and mental development. The rational organization of the regime of the day helps to avoid overloading. The child needs to be taught only what he at the moment is able not only to memorize, but also to comprehend. On the other hand, training should not blindly follow development, plaiting in its tail. Development is formed through training. Properly delivered training promotes normal development.
It is with the desire for knowledge that various unpleasant incidents and even accidental events are connected: injuries to sharp objects, thermal and chemical burns, poisoning with medicines and other toxic substances, electric shock, foreign bodies entering the respiratory tract, nose, ear. To avoid this, it is necessary to remove dangerous items for children and substances in places inaccessible to them. Sockets should be installed at such a height that the child could not reach them, or close them.
The cause of child poisoning can be negligent storage of chemicals, medicines in accessible places for them, sometimes in boxes of sweets or other sweets. Being curious, the children try everything they see. In children under 2 years of age, poisoning is less common and is usually associated with the occasional ingestion of brightly colored tablets and tablets, when they are left unattended for some, if not a long time. Household poisoning is more common in children aged 2-5 years. The cause of poisoning may also be the desire of preschoolers to imitate adults, imitating the activities of doctors, cooks, etc. in games. Playing the doctor and the sick, children sometimes look for and find real medications and take them. They invite guests to games and treat them to anything. It can be not only food from home, but also various plants, berries, among which come across, and poisonous.
In the fourth, year of life, the contacts of children in yards, squares, preschool institutions increase dramatically. Mass contacts are dangerous with infection.
Because of this, it is desirable that parents carefully examine children during hygiene procedures. The first signs of many infections are rashes on the skin( measles, scarlet fever, rubella, chickenpox) or an increase in the glands( an epidemic parotitis called "mumps", rubella).
In any case, the sick child should be put in bed, isolated from other children and call a doctor at home.
Sometimes on the skin of the baby there are various kinds of irritation, scratching, rashes. They can be a manifestation of impaired metabolism, skin damage caused by pathogenic fungi, pyogenic infection, scabies, etc. With such skin lesions, you need to seek medical help, since many of these conditions are harbingers of serious diseases( eczema, scab, scabies and tetc.).Examining the child, you need to pay attention to his fatness. The thickness of the fat fold, which is determined under the left scapula, is normally 1 cm. With excessive feeding, this fold is much thicker, in addition, there is an increase in subcutaneous fat on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks and breast glands. Fullness, like leanness, is an alarm.
A child at preschool age, like "babe", needs to monitor the correct administration of all physiological functions. Even if the baby does not make any complaints, parents should be alerted by frequent yawning, mild, but periodic coughing, night coughing, nasal breathing, sleep with an open mouth, excess nasal mucus, salivation, gnashing of teeth, swollen chapped lips, snoring at the corners of the mouth,droplets of pus in the nasal corner of the eye, suppuration of the ear, more than usual, the number of "bruises" on the skin, the limitation of the volume of movements in this or that joint, swelling, wherever located, dry or oily skin. Child's appetite, short-term abdominal pains, rumbling, color, character and consistency of the stool, irritation of the skin in the genital area, too frequent or, on the contrary, rare urination - all these and other numerous signs should always be in the eyes of the parents, as theytestify to this or that infringement of a state of health of the kid. The regime of the child's day in the fourth year of life is slightly different from the previous one. The period of active wakefulness increases. The kid already needs less time to recover, so he does not need a long day's sleep. A child can be in bed for 2-2,5 hours during the day.
Walking on the street is desirable to combine with the employment of seasonal sports. All children of this age can be taught walking on skis, rolling from small sloping hills. Sledding is the most accessible, fun and useful entertainment. It allows you to extend your stay on the street, creating a high emotional mood. However, passive sitting on the sled, when they are taken for a long time for a rope, does not work. Kids do not move, they cool down pretty quickly, despite the wrapping.
The fourth year is also the time for the child to learn how to swim in the pool or in an open reservoir. The child can begin to teach swimming in a home bath not only up to a year, but also at the age of 1-2 years. At this age, the baby manages to be taught to take a breath over the water, and exhale under water. He is able to master immersion in the water with a delay in breathing. Further training after 3 years on swimming training is advisable to continue in the basin of the nearest children's polyclinic, if it has appropriate conditions, or in a fitness center. The advantage of the pool is not only in the possibility of learning to swim. Classes in it - it's an excellent hygienic and hardening procedure. Currently, a number of newly opened pre-school institutions are building swimming pools used for tempering children by swimming. If the parents intend to start teaching children swimming in the summer in a natural body of water, the following rules must be adhered to. Training can begin no earlier than 3-4 years of age. For this, shallow ponds are used with a sandy flat bottom without pits. The water level should reach the baby's chest, the temperature of it should be at least 23 ° C, and air - 25 ° C.In order not to scare off the child from water, you must first teach him not to be afraid to go into the pond. Initially, they teach the child to properly hold the body on the water, then show and master the movements of the legs. For these purposes, you can use a board, a piece of foam plastic, an inflatable mattress, for which the baby will stick. After that they learn the movements with their hands, make sure that during the stroke the hand of the young swimmer is fully straightened, and for each strokes with his hands 3-4 alternate movements with his feet. It is necessary to teach the child how to breathe correctly when swimming, to inhale while pulling the arm forward, and exhale at the end of the stroke. All exercises should be performed when the child swims towards the shore. To the baby is not bored, training is useful to diversify with various games.
The best time for hardening is summer. A reasonably spent summer helps to protect a small person from colds in the colder months. Most families prefer to relax in their native land. And it is right. Our pine and deciduous forests, lakes and rivers are the best place for recreation. The aroma of needles and herbs is not only pleasant. There is a great healing power in it. Air, dry and fresh, the smallest particles of ethereal-oil substances dissolved in it, purify the lungs, strengthen the cardiovascular system, increase the overall tone of the body. Especially healthy air in large reservoirs. A nontero from water carries negative ions - special electrically charged particles, invigorating the body.
Some parents want to take the children south at any cost. Adults have a short stay in the south( during vacation) almost always benefits. Unfortunately, the situation is different with children. And that's why. Each person, getting into a new climate for him, some time gets used to it. Other than before, the atmospheric pressure, the ratio of meteorological factors, the use of vegetables in the niche, grown on a different soil and in another climate, lead to abnormalities in the body. Most adults discreetly tolerate these abnormalities. A part of people have a stronger reaction - a disease of adaptation. Therefore, in all southern sanatoria in the first few days, vacationers are created a softer regime and do not prescribe procedures.
The child's organism takes longer and painfully to get used to a new climate. In weakened children, the disease manifests itself more strongly. Usually, for about two weeks the child gets attached to the southern climate and can not get all the good things that the south provides at that time, and after two weeks the parents leave and go home. Here again the disease of adaptation is already to its climate, from which the little boy has become unaccustomed. Thus, children almost a month goes on acclimatization. Stay in the south is advisable, if it lasts 2-3 months. Of course, all this does not apply to children who need special treatment. In the regime of the day of the child of preschool age, there must necessarily be a time for performing work at home. Many parents believe that the child is still small and will have time to work afterwards. But they forget that it is necessary to prepare for the big workloads since the childhood. The kid can already help in cleaning the room, serving a daily table, caring for domestic plants, animals, birds and aquarium fish. Children are enjoying these work processes. They do not always do everything right, from the perspective of an adult, but for the development of independence, their labor efforts should be encouraged in every possible way and do not forget to praise for it.