Physical Education and Tempering
The issues of physical education need to pay as much attention as in previous years. This primarily applies to gymnastic exercises. Classes are recommended to begin with various respiratory movements associated with the dilution of hands to the sides or by raising them upwards on inspiration and with arms wrapped around the shoulders or lowering them down at the exit.
Jogging( 60 m), brisk walking( 30 m) result in a repetition of breathing exercises. The latter are also performed through 1-2 gymnastic exercises. This is due to the increase in physical activity and the need for short-term rest.
Overstepping through obstacles is complicated at first by their greater height, then by successive arrangement and application of the alternating step.
A new exercise is the "spring".The crouching child raises his hands, which the adult holds for the brush. At the command the kid jumps up with the help of an adult and gently sinks to his feet in the starting position.
Climbing a box or bench 20 cm high and unclipping from them without the help of hands is the next new exercise. After mastering this action, you can teach the child lying on his back to sit down without the help of hands. A child can perform this exercise only if his shins are fixed by the adult's hand.
Exercises for the muscles of the body according to the rule of diffuse stress are replaced by throwing the ball with both hands from the chest and from behind the head. Striking the ball with the toe of the foot alternately( right and left) will transfer the load to the muscles of the lower limbs.
Finish classes with jogging, energetic walking and water treatments.
The physical load should not be as light or excessive. The degree of its effect on the body is easy to control by pulse. The difference in its frequency between the beginning and the end of the training should be within 10 strokes. If it is more - the load is excessive. The unchanged pulse rate indicates a lack of exercise. Scientific research found that the child of the second year should actively move 70% of the waking time, the third - 60%.
Moving games indoors and outdoors are an indispensable element of physical education. In them the basic physical qualities( force, speed, endurance) are brought up, the various abilities and skills are improved.
Moving games are important and as a process of collective communication of children, their social adaptation. Joint mobile games discipline the child, teach him to subordinate his desires to the interests of the collective. They promote calm, balanced behavior, improve metabolism and improve health. The same goal is pursued and tempering procedures. With age, they become more complex, diverse and change in the strength of their impact on the body. The sun, air, water and movements are the main factors of hardening in this period. The pronounced positive effect of quenching measures is given only if the following rules developed by physiological scientists are observed:
1. When carrying out hardening procedures, it is necessary to strictly consider the individual characteristics of each child. Sluggish children need invigorating, stimulating procedures( colder water, easier clothes), for excitable ones - balancing procedures( warmer water and air, longer duration of the procedure itself).
2. The strength of the irritant effect( air and water temperature, the duration of the procedure) should gradually increase. A sharp increase in the duration of air and sun baths or rapid temperature changes can lead to the most unexpected consequences, up to the disease.
3. Hardening procedures should be conducted without interruption at all seasons. A break of 2-3 weeks, as a rule, destroys everything achieved in hardening, and we have to start again from the starting positions. This applies equally to children who have had a break in carrying out the hardening procedures related to the transferred disease, and to those healthy children whose breakdown of the hardening regime occurred for random reasons.
4. All hardening measures should be entertaining, against the background of the positive emotional mood of the child. They are selected by parents and a district doctor specifically for each baby.
5. During hardening it is advisable to use several physical agents: cold, heat, mechanical action of air, water, exposure to visible, ultraviolet, infrared rays.
6. In order not to fix narrow stereotypes of hardening to only one range of temperature differences, during hardening, it is necessary to accustom the child to various stimuli of various strength and duration, for example, to cooling - weak and strong, fast and slow, and also average in strength and time of exposure.
7. The optimal stability of the child is created by alternating general hardening cooling with local, directed at the most sensitive to the effects of cold areas( nasopharynx, foot, waist).
8. It is useful to perform quenching procedures under different conditions of body heat production in order to increase its resistance to temperature factors not only at rest, but also at different motor activity.
9. It is necessary to take into account previous activities: reduce the cooling dose after physical and emotional-psychical loads, other unusual stimuli, as the latter negatively affect thermal endurance.
Non-hardening procedures can be started only if the child is healthy. With deviations of the inflammatory nature from the nasopharynx or other organon and systems, it is necessary to conduct their treatment. Initially, it is advisable to teach children to local hardening procedures, and then - to general. When tempering weakened children, the force of the cooling effect should be weaker.
As an example, we give one of the schemes for tempering a child in the third year of life.
The air temperature in the room is 18-20 ° C.The air bath is combined with morning gymnastics. The kid is dressed in slippers, panties and a tank top. Washing with cool water hands to the elbow, face, neck and upper chest. Walking and outdoor games in the air 2 times a day at a temperature of at least minus 10 ° C.In the warm season, daytime sleep in the fresh air. Suitable solar baths lasting from 5 to 10 minutes 2 times a day( from 10 to 12 and from 15 to 17 hours).Water procedures( douche or shower) with a gradual decrease in water temperature from 34 to 26 ° C.The water temperature drops by 1 ° C every week. Pouring the feet with increasingly cold water - from 30 to 20 ° C, the rules for reducing the water temperature are the same. Pour your feet with water one by one. While one leg is poured, the other is dressed in shoes. The washed leg is wiped, put on and only after that, the other leg is poured. This technique helps to avoid accidental colds.
The hygienic bath with a water temperature of 36 ° C is completed by dousing with water at a temperature of 34 ° C.Bathing in the river, the lake, the sea is allowed to children after 2 years once a day, if the air temperature is not less than 25 ° C, the water is not lower than 23 ° C, and the weather is windless. Duration of bathing - up to 5 minutes. The depth of the water should not be higher than the waist to the waist. In bathing a child in an open reservoir, an adult must directly participate. After bathing, the baby should wear a white panama and watch that his stay in the sun does not last.
For the child's stay on the beach, beach shoes are often bought and used: "Vietnamese", soft carved slippers made of synthetic materials, etc. These shoes, comfortable for the beach, should not be used for other purposes, since the flat sole sharply increases the load for not yet enoughstrengthened arch of the foot, can lead to relaxation of the ligament apparatus and the development of flat feet.
A good hardening procedure is walking barefoot. It is necessary to accustom a child to her gradually. First you can let him walk in a warm room on the carpet, then in socks on the floor and only after that put on the floor barefoot. In summer, the baby will be able to walk barefoot on warm sand, grass. However, the constant walking barefoot, as well as in soft slippers without a heel, is dangerous because of the possibility of flatfoot development.
To quenching activities can be attributed to the game of children with water. In fact, this is a local hand bath. The duration of such a game should not exceed 15-20 minutes at a water temperature of 28 ° C in the pelvis. It is allowed to repeat it 2-3 times a day.
Hardening measures are useful to combine with conventional hygiene procedures. For example, after a walk in the summer, children wash their feet with warm water and soap. After that, it is good to pour them into cool water, wipe dry, rub your skin to a slight reddening.
Quenching effect is provided by staying in light clothing, washing with cool water, local water procedures. Very effective contrast dousing the legs alternately with warm, then cold water. The foot and 2/3 of the shin are usually poured first with water at a temperature of 38 ° C for 6-8 seconds, then 3-4 seconds with strong water for children with a temperature of 18 ° C, often ill, and not incandescent - 28 ° C.When the feet are poured to strong children, the water alternates four times( 38 ° C - 18 ° - 38 ° -18 ° C), and weakened, often sick, 3 times( 38 ° C - 28 ° -38 ° C).After dousing the legs are rubbed until light redness. As can be seen, the means of tempering children are available to every family.
After two and a half years it is advisable to teach the child to wash with cold water from the tap. To do this, he himself must put a high chair in front of the sink, climb up on it, roll up his sleeves, moisten his hands, rub them thoroughly, rub each finger, wash with water and wipe with his own individual towel suspended at such a height that the kid can easily reach. The procedure for washing should first be shown several times, so that the child learns it, in the subsequent to check how he learned it and whether it does not violate during washing.
By the age of three, sexual curiosity appears, expressed in the desire to examine and feel their sexual organs. Curiosity about sexual matters is a common phenomenon, based on the desire for universal knowledge. Therefore, it is natural that preschool children, even younger ones, often ask parents questions about gender differences, and about how children appear. It is impossible to avoid answers to these questions, although it is not easy to answer them. It takes a lot of tact. Satisfying the curiosity of a child is better in a confidential individual conversation, giving him truthful partial information in a simplified form.