Cervicitis: symptoms, causes, photos, cervicitis cervicitis treatment

What is it? - Cervicitis is a pathological process of an inflammatory nature, in which there is a lesion of the cervical epithelium.

Most often in clinical practice, cervicitis is masked under the mask of cervical erosion, which is the greatest danger if it is caused by oncogenic strains of papillomavirus. Cervicitis is classified according to several signs.

So, taking into account the topography of the defeat, it is common to distinguish two main types of this disease:

1) Exocervicitis - the lesion is localized to the vaginal portion of the cervix.
2) Endocervicitis is a lesion of the cervical canal located inside the cervix.

The clinical course of cervicitis is classified into two main types:

acute;
chronic.

Causes of cervicitis

The causes of cervical cervicitis are the infection of the cervical epithelium with the development of an inflammatory reaction. It can be conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that are activated against the background of a decrease in immunity, and also obligatory pathogenic microorganisms.

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The main conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that cause the development of cervicitis are:

streptococci;
of staphylococci;
E. coli;
Klebsiella;
protey and others.

The main pathogenic microorganism that leads to the development of cervicitis is the papillomavirus. There are several strains of this virus, some of which are highly oncogenic, which contributes to the development of dysplasia of the cervical epithelium with subsequent malignancy.

In addition, cervicitis can be associated with infection with pathogens such as:

chlamydia;
mycoplasma;
of ureaplasma;
Trichomonases;
gonococci and some others.

predisposes to the development of infectious inflammation the following factors:

pregnancy;
traumatic cervical damage that can occur with various intrauterine interventions( intrauterine contraceptive administration, abortion, diagnostic curettage, cervical ruptures in childbirth, etc.);
congenital and acquired immunodeficiency;
reception of immunosuppressants;
infection of the sexual partner;
diabetes;
hypo- and avitaminosis and others.

Symptoms of cervicitis

For a long time, chronic cervicitis of the cervix proceeds without symptoms. After some time, such clinical signs as

leucorrhoea or other pathological discharge from the genital tract may appear.
contact spotting that occurs during intercourse.
soreness in sexual intercourse.

Acute cervicitis has a brighter onset and symptoms. There are pus-like discharges in large quantities, which can have an unpleasant smell. Most often, this disease is associated with infection with the bacterial flora.

Diagnosis of cervical cervicitis

Diagnostic search for suspected cervicitis of the cervix includes the following studies that confirm or exclude a diagnosis:

1) Colposcopy - examination of the cervix using microscopic techniques. In the framework of advanced colposcopy, various diagnostic tests are used.
2) Taking cytological smears. They have an increased number of white blood cells, and sometimes these or other microorganisms can be detected.
3) Biopsy from the most pathologically altered areas. The histological examination to which the material obtained by biopsy is exposed is the "gold" standard in diagnosis.

After the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor prescribes those examinations that will clarify the cause of cervicitis development. These are the following:

1) Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of cause-significant microorganisms, including papillomaviruses. Currently, this is the "gold" standard for diagnosing infectious diseases. It involves the determination of the nucleic acids that are characteristic of certain microorganisms.
2) If a polymerase chain reaction is not possible, a serological test is performed. It consists in the definition of antibodies, which are produced by certain microorganisms. However, it is important to define both immunoglobulins of class M( produced with acute infection) and immunoglobulin G( talk about a previous infection).
3) Determination of the level of sex hormones in the blood, as hormonal imbalance contributes to the violation of microbial biocenosis in the vagina. And this creates certain conditions for the development of the inflammatory process in the cervix.

Treatment of cervicitis

Acute cervicitis of cervix is treated according to the following scheme:

1) Antimicrobial therapy taking into account antibiotic sensitivity of isolated microorganisms.
2) Hormonal correction is performed according to the indications.
3) In the presence of organic changes on the cervix uterus, plastic surgery is performed, but only after the acute inflammatory phenomena subsided.
4) After the course of antimicrobial therapy, the use of probiotics and eubiotics is shown to restore the normal microbiocenosis in the vagina. This will prevent re-infection with pathogenic microorganisms or the activation of opportunistic microorganisms.

Chronic cervicitis most often develops. Its treatment is carried out by both local and systemic methods. Local treatment involves the use of one of the following methods:

1) Cryodestruction - freezing the cervix with liquid nitrogen.
2) Electrocoagulation - cauterization of the cervix by electric current.
3) Radio wave therapy - currently this method is considered one of the most effective with a minimum number of adverse effects.
4) Laser treatment.
5) Photodynamic therapy.

The principle of local treatment methods is that they cause the death of pathologically altered cells with the subsequent stimulation of stem cells. This leads to the restoration of normal epithelium. However, some factors may disrupt this process, so dynamic monitoring of the process of cervical epithelial regeneration is required.

Systemic therapy involves the use of drugs from the following groups:

immunostimulating( increase the activity of ongoing immune reactions).
antimicrobials are prescribed only after provocative tests that promote the release of microorganisms from cells, which makes them more vulnerable to the effects of drugs, causing their death.
vitamin therapy will improve the state of immunity.

All women who suffer or suffer from cervicitis should be on a regular basis in the office of the pathology of the cervix. This will allow the timely detection of recurrence of the disease and the adoption of all necessary therapeutic measures.

Regular observation in the cabinet of the pathology of the cervix is as follows:

colposcopy - 2 times a year;
taking of cytological smears - 2 times a year;
study for urogenital infections, especially with a change in sexual partner;
hormonal examination in the presence of violations of the ovarian-menstrual cycle.

Complications of cervical cervicitis

As mentioned above, the most dangerous are cases of cervicitis associated with infection with papillomavirus. This microorganism contributes to the disruption of normal cell division with the development of dysplasia. Over time, a malignant lesion of the cervical epithelium( cervical cancer) may develop.

Other complications of cervicitis are:

1) Infertility( inability to have children with regular sexual activity for one year or more).
2) Autoimmune( immune system cells damage the cells of the cervical epithelium) defeat of the cervical epithelium.
3) The spread of infection to the overlying organs of the reproductive system of a woman, etc.

In conclusion, it should be noted that cervicitis is a common disease in women. However, for a long time this disease is asymptomatic, and pathological changes in the organs continue to progress.

Therefore, it is required to conduct timely diagnostics and treatment of identified pathological processes with the obligatory establishment of the cause of their development.

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