Nonspecific ulcerative colitis: symptoms, treatment

Nonspecific ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory process that affects the large intestine, including the rectum.

Development of the disease occurs as a result of a combination of adverse environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Therefore, most often the disease is detected in certain families, which is revealed during the diagnostic search.

Nonspecific ulcerative colitis is a fairly common disease. Recently, some progress has been made in understanding the causal factors of this pathology, as well as in its treatment. The danger of the disease lies in the development of certain complications, of which colorectal cancer is especially relevant.

For the first time the disease was described by Rokitansky in 1842.From this time, an active study of this pathological process began.

Causes of nonspecific ulcerative colitis

The final causes of the disease have not yet been established. An assumption is made regarding both environmental factors and burdened heredity, when combined, this disease develops.

So, the main predisposing factors accepted at the present time are:

• extragenomic factors
  
• microbial origin factors
  
• genetic predisposition
  
• immunological disorders( high content of B-cell lymphocytes and plasma cells).

Among extragenomic factors, the following is of great importance:

• reception of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  
• oral contraceptive intake, especially for 6 months or more
  
• psychoemotional overstrain, as against their background the synthesis of mucin

is reduced. However, factors that reduced the likelihood of development of thisdisease. These include:

• smoking, paradoxical as it sounds
  
• appendectomy produced at a young age.

Especially important among the factors of microbial origin is particularly noteworthy:

• E. coli
  
• bacteroides.

Probably, these microorganisms lead to activation of autoimmune mechanisms of damage. They and products that are formed in the process of their life activity, act as autoantigens.

See also how chronic colitis is manifested.

Classification of

Nonspecific ulcerative colitis is classified as follows. Depending on the form of the disease, colitis can be continuous( there are always clinical symptoms) and relapsing, which occurs with periods of exacerbation and remission.

In terms of severity, this disease happens:

• light
  
• medium-heavy
  
• heavy.

On the level of topographic damage:

• segmental colitis
  
• total colitis
  
• proctosigmoiditis
  
• proctitis.

The course of the disease can be acute and chronic. Chronic course is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. The level of activity of the pathological process can be minimal, moderate and maximum. Depending on this, various complications develop.

Symptoms of nonspecific ulcerative colitis

Nonspecific ulcerative colitis develops not acutely - its symptoms appear gradually. However, in extremely rare cases, the disease can begin with lightning speed.

The main clinical signs of nonspecific ulcerative colitis are the following:

• abdominal pain
  
• diarrhea
  
• blood in the stool.

However, sometimes the symptoms of extraintestinal organ damage can also be attached. This is accompanied by the appearance of such clinical manifestations as:

• joint pain
  
• back pain
  
• cardiac disruptions
  
• decreased exercise tolerance
  
• appearance of rashes on the skin
  
• decreased visual acuity, etc.

The nature of the symptomatology is determined solely by the topography of the autoimmune process - damage to the eyes, heart, lungs, etc.

Abdominal pains are periodic, and they are combined with stool disorders. Pain of cramping character is most often localized in the near-umbilical region and is associated either with defecation or with food intake. Pain becomes permanent only with the development of certain complications of the disease.

Gradually, patients develop asthenovegetative syndrome, which manifests itself by the following symptoms:

• increased weakness
  
• fatigue
  
• headache
  
• a slight increase in body temperature.

Look also, the symptoms of colitis of the intestine.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic search for suspected ulcerative colitis includes the following:

1. 1) A general clinical blood test in which anemia, leukocytosis, increased lymphocyte count
   
2. can be determined 2) Biochemical blood test - change in blood protein level, increase in fibrinogen
   
3. 3) Coprogram - increased erythrocyte content is a pathognomonic sign of this disease
   
4. 4) Recto-manoscopy - instrumental researchcolon
   
5. 5) ergography - X-ray study of the intestine.

Complications of

In the absence of timely diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis, it is possible to develop certain complications that have a different pathogenetic mechanism. The main negative consequences of this disease are:

• colorectal cancer
  
• intestinal wall perforation
  
• intestinal bleeding
  
• intestinal luminal stenosis
  
• fistula formation
  
• toxic gut expansion

In some cases, the development of common complications is possible. These include inflammatory lesions of any internal organs - hepatitis, pancreatitis, sepsis and others. In many respects the patient's condition depends on their development.

Treatment of nonspecific ulcerative colitis

Treatment of ulcerative colitis is carried out in the following areas:

1. 1) Dietary food
   
2. 2) Immunodepressive therapy that inhibits the activity of the autoimmune process
   
3. 3) Antibiotics are prescribed only in case of development of infectious complications.

Dietary nutrition in this disease should be built on the following principles:

• all meals should be boiled or steam
  
• excluded fried, smoked
  
• food is organized often and fractional( 5-6 times a day)
  
• food should be warm
  
• the amount of carbohydrate food shouldbe reduced to a minimum, as they provoke a bloating on the background of fermentation of
  
• , the amount of protein in the diet should be sufficient
  
• the daily fat rate is covered with butter.

Be sure to monitor the portability of products. If any of them provokes the appearance of diarrhea, then it must be withdrawn from the diet and replaced with another.

Antibiotics are prescribed non-long courses - from 5 to 7 days. This makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of allergic organism, and also reduces the risk of dysbiosis. Suppress the activity of the autoimmune process with the help of preparations of three main groups:

• imunnodepressanty
  
• corticosteroids
  
• aminosalicylates.

Concurrently, all complications are treated. Most often you have to deal with anemia. For its treatment, iron-containing preparations are prescribed, for example, Sorbifer, Hemofer, Fersinol and others.

In some cases, it is necessary to resort to surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. It is indicated in the development of perforation of the intestinal wall, intestinal bleeding, narrowing of the intestine, etc. Most often it is of an emergency nature.

In conclusion, it should be noted that nonspecific ulcerative colitis is characterized by a lesion of the large intestine with simultaneous involvement in the pathological process of the rectum. The disease develops as a result of an autoimmune process. It is caused by a combination of burdened heredity and unfavorable environmental factors.

With this in mind, the pathological process is treated. It implies the administration of drugs that inhibit the activity of the autoimmune process. Also shown are funds that reduce the severity of the pain syndrome and are necessary to eliminate other symptoms of the disease.

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