Beans
Phaseolus vulgaris L. This valuable vegetable can be harvested all summer if it is sown every 14 days between May and early July;best early shrub varieties. Beans are more demanding than peas, to soil and moisture. Beans does not tolerate a low temperature at all. In addition to bush beans, cultivated varieties that require support. These varieties are more late, they can be sown from May to mid-June. We have varieties with yellow, green and purple pods. Plants of these varieties give a great harvest and ripen gradually.
In addition to the common beans, in arbours and walls grow scarlet scarlet( Phaseolus coccineus L.), decorative, not demanding to the conditions, it can be grown on high ground. The bean flowers are red, white or red-white, it has very fragile and tender pods that can be used in cooking, canned. Her seeds are also of different colors. Annually about 3 kg of beans( pods) per 1 person should be consumed.
Among the bush varieties of beans, there are varieties with green pods, for example, "Dita", "Blanka", "Katka", etc., yellow-stalk, taller varieties "Luna" or "Yantar".Of the curling varieties, we have only green beans "Detenitskaya".
Beans are thermophilic, its seeds germinate only when the soil at the depth of inoculation warms up to a temperature of 12 degrees. Shoots can not stand frost. Adult plants endure only short-term frosts of at least -3 degrees. Optimal temperature of growth and development of beans is 28-32 degrees.
Bean grains have a variety of colors, from white to black. Grain can be a mosaic color, in specks, have a variety of shapes. New varieties: Bona, Queen Nekar, Gold Nekar and Fakir.
There are beautiful, curly, decorative varieties of beans. She has colored large beans, alas, not edible. It is widely used for vertical landscaping.
There are tall, climbing varieties( code), there are undersized, in the form of compact bushes only 60-80 cm high. They are called bushy bushes. Shrub varieties are more early maturing.
Curly and clustered beans can be lush and asparagus. The cultivars intended for grain production have a dense parchment layer in the leaves of the pods. They are collected in the stage of full ripeness, tied into snopicas, dried, plaited and the resulting grain is stored in dry rooms. Asparagus( sugar) varieties of parchment layer in the leaves of the pods do not have. They use pods together, with underdeveloped grains in green.
Very interesting are the asparagus varieties Vigna Japanese and Vigna Chinese, in which the width of the scapula reaches 1 - 1.5 cm, and the length - 1 m. But immediately it should be said that it is difficult to grow them in the Northwest, even in a greenhouse.
Bean beans have a hard shell, so they do not germinate well. But also to soak the beans before sowing is not recommended, as they can simply rot in cold soil. The easiest way is to pour the seeds very hot( 70 degrees) with water before adding the potassium permanganate to a bright pink color, and immediately go to sow it. Remains of hot water pour on the garden with the beans. And you can water the beds before sowing a very hot( at least 50 degrees) water with the addition of manganese and immediately sow the seeds in still hot soil. If you grow beans through seedlings, then it can be transplanted into the open ground only when the spring frosts end.
The soil for beans must be fertile, loose, rich in humus and trace elements. If the soils are poor in trace elements, the beans must be supplemented with a solution of microelements before flowering.
Beans do not tolerate acid soils, soil pH reaction should be 6-6,5, that is slightly alkaline. Therefore, before planting in the soil, it is necessary to introduce a deoxidizer, preferably dolomite or chalk, or as a last resort ashes. The place under the bean plantations should be protected from cold winds and well illuminated by the sun. In the shade beans will not grow.
Beans must be sown to a depth of 5 - 7 cm. You can sow the grains in one row at a distance of 8-10 cm from each other. Rows are usually located at a distance of 20-30 cm from each other. But it is possible to sow the beans in a square-nest way, that is, put 3-4 grains in one hole and place the holes according to the scheme of 40 x 40 cm.
Beans do not tolerate soil wetting, so it is better to plant them on the ridges,, regularly, until the appearance of the second pair of real leaves. Then watering should be stopped before the flowering phase. From the moment of flowering, watering is resumed.
The first feeding should be given at the time of emergence. The easiest way is to dilute the infusion of weeds twice with water and add to each bucket of a solution of 1 tbsp.spoon of potassium and superphosphate. In additional application of nitrogen, beans do not need, since it has roots of nodule bacteria on its roots, which supply the plant with nitrogen, but in the initial period of growth they are not enough, and therefore it is necessary to give organic fertilizer in the form of infusion of weeds containing nitrogen. If you do not have any weed infestation, then give top dressing with any complex fertilizer( azofosca, kemira, nitrofosca and others).It is enough 2 tbsp.spoons for 10 liters of water. The second fertilizing should be given to the plants at the time of flowering. For every 10 liters of water, add 1 tbsp.spoon of superphosphate and potassium, in addition, 2 teaspoons of the drug "Uniflor micro".
Beans damage mainly two pests: beans and spider mites. Bean grain is a beetle that is inside the bean and is transported together with the seeds into the soil during sowing. Examine the beans before sowing and if you see a hole, then do not sow such a seed, because the beetle hid inside. A spider mite, as a rule, infects a bean in a greenhouse. The leaves turn bright, then turn yellow and dry. Against the spider mites there is an excellent preparation "Fitoverm".After spraying "Fitovermom" beans can be consumed in the food after 2 days.
The most dangerous for beans are viral diseases, anthracnose and bacteriosis. From a virus infection, no means will help, but to avoid anthracnose and bacteriosis preventive spraying with a solution of "Fitospori-na" will help. Spraying "Fitosporin" should be done 1-2 times in the initial stage of growth, before flowering.
Maturing pods must be removed regularly and immediately used. Several first pods should be left on the seeds and allowed to fully ripen on the plant. On a small plot of six hundred square meters, there is no point in growing a shelling bean to obtain grain. This is completely unprofitable. But to grow asparagus beans in small quantities for permanent use in the summer and canning green pods for the winter is the meaning. It is enough 4-5 plants of a winding bean planted at the very wall of a greenhouse on the northern side, or 6-8 bushes, which can be grown in the open ground.
Some of the lowest pods should be left on the seeds. Stored bean seeds for about 10 years, without losing their germination.
Beans grow fast and enter into fruiting approximately 50-60 days after emergence. In cold weather fruiting can begin much later. White bush beans can be sown together with tubers of potatoes on one grain under the tuber, but only along the perimeter of the potato field - in order to prevent attacks on the potato of the Colorado potato beetle. If the beetle is small, then this measure is quite sufficient, because the beetle does not like the smell of the leaves of white beans and will fly or leave your field. But if there is a lot of beetles, then this measure will not save your field from it.
Bean pods are healthy, they contain about 90% of water, 2-6% of proteins, up to 2% of sugars, about 1% of minerals and 1-3% of cellulose, high amounts of carotene, up to 25 mg of vitamin C, vitaminsB1, B2, niacin. Beans contain a lot of potassium, as well as phosphorus and calcium. It has glucokinins that lower blood sugar( so this vegetable is favorable for diabetics), flavonoids, choline, silicic acid and other substances.
In its raw form, beans contain unwanted substances that decompose on boiling, so they do not consume raw beans. From cooked pods prepare salads, side dishes, casseroles with meat, sour cream, tomatoes and other vegetables, soups. Of the mature and dried bean pods( without seeds), a maintenance antidiabetic tea is prepared. For this purpose, yellow-stalk varieties are more suitable. Dose 1-2 teaspoons of pods per cup of water, which must be quickly boiled. Decoction drink three times a day. Dry beans pods are part of the tea "Diabetan".
A variety of nutritious dishes are prepared from beans. Canned as a string( asparagus), and grain beans. In recent years, beans have become particularly widespread as a substitute for meat, including in the sausage industry. I want to warn gardeners immediately that I should not use American-born varieties, because they all have artificially altered genetics.
Healthy people dishes from beans are useful, but a sick gout bean is contraindicated. Beans must be cooked for at least 3 hours or they must be soaked in water for the night, and then cook for at least an hour.