Alexandria Calendar

The Alexandrian calendar. After in 30 BC.e. Egypt was conquered by the Romans, here in 26 BC.e.the reform of the calendar was carried out - an Alexandrian permanent year was introduced, in which there were 12 months, which preserved their ancient Egyptian names, for 30 days each and five additional days. The insertion of the sixth additional day in a leap year was carried out once every four years. Thus, for almost 1600 years, this "stable Egyptian" calendar was in the same rhythm with the Julian calendar, but with a shift at the beginning of the year. The correspondence of the months of both calendars, as well as the Gregorian in the 20th century.shown in Table. The 366th day is inserted half a year earlier than in the Julian calendar. In this case, the beginning of the Alexandrian year - 1 Thoth - is shifted to August 30( September 12, 2007), and after it - and the beginning of all other months to Famenot inclusive.

Table. Correspondence of the months of the Alexandrian( Egyptian stable), Julian and Gregorian( XX - XXI centuries) calendars

Ordinal	Alexandrian	Julian	Gregorian
number of the month	calendar	calendar	calendar
1	1 Tote	29( 30) August	11( 12) September
2	1 FAOFI	September 28	11( 12) October
3	1 Atira	28( 29) October	10( 11) November
4	1 Hoyaka	27( 28) November	10( 11) December
5	1 Tibi	27( 28) December	9( 10) January
6	1 Mehira	26( 27)January	8( 9) February
7	1 Famenata	25( 26) February	10 March
8	1 Farmuti	March 27	9 April
9	1 Pahona	April 26	May 9
10	1 Piney	May 26	June 8
11	1 epiphyte	June 25	July 8
12	1 Mesori	July 25	August 7
1 epagomen	August 24	September 6
2 epagomen	25	August 7 September 3
epagomen		26 August 8 September
4 epagomen		August 27 September 9
5 epagomen	August 28	10 September
( 6 epagomen)	( August 29)	( September 11)

The Alexandria calendar is still used by the Copts - direct descendants of the ancient Egyptians. The Copts are Christians who have long adopted the Arabic language. The account of the years they lead from the coming to power in 284, the Roman emperor Diocletian. Therefore, in order to find the ordinal number of the year in their calendar, it is necessary to take the number 283 from the year of our era. Thus, in 1980,e.- this is 1980 - 283 = 1697 according to the Coptic calendar. A leap year in this calendar is the year, the ordinal number of which, divided by 4, yields the remainder 3.

A stable Egyptian( Alexandrian) calendar in the first centuries AD.e.was introduced and in ancient Georgia. Initially, the year began here on August 6, according to the Julian calendar, from the VIII century.the beginning of the year was postponed to March, and from the 10th century to January. Since VII century.in Rome began to use the Roman names of the months.

Calendars of Iran. One of the variants of the Egyptian calendar was created on the territory of Iran in the first half of the I millennium BC.e. Zoroastrians. In this calendar, the names of the months and days in them were theophore, that is, ascending to the names of the gods, who were worshiped by the followers of Zoroastrianism. In other words, every month and day had their patrons, after whom they were named. For example, the 1st, 8th, 15th and 23rd days of each month were dedicated to Ahura Mazda( who supposedly created the sky, the stars, the Sun and the Moon), who headed the "forces of good".The day of the month, whose name coincided with the name of the month, was festive, there were 12 such days in the year.

The names of the months of the Zoroastrian calendar changed with time. For example, the first month of Fravashi( from Fravotti - "the soul of all things") in the middle Persian calendar is already called Frawardin, now - Ferwerdin, etc.

The complete list of names of the months of the Iranian calendar used since the 7th c.n.e., looks like this:

1. FERVERDIN

2. Ordibekheesh

3. Chordad

4. Shooting range

5. Mordad

6. Shehriver

7. Mehr

8. Aban

9. Azer

10. Day

11. Behman

12. Esdefd

Note that this calendar was used in Iran not only by Zoroastrians. Thus, the well-known historian, author of The History of Alexander the Great in 10 Books, Quintus Curtius Rufus( apparently lived at the turn of the 1st century BC - 1st century AD) reports that "the Persians count inyear 365 days ".That is why, say, during the celebration in 333 BC.e.before the Persian king Darius III there was a procession of magicians, accompanied by 365 young men - according to the number of days in a year.

Since the calendar year of 365 days is shorter than the tropical one, for 120 years the discrepancy reaches 30 days, that is, for a whole month. Taking this into account, the last king of the Sassanid dynasty, Ezdegerd III, in order to eliminate the "wandering" of the beginning of the calendar year by seasons, conducted a calendar reform in 632.It was decided to make the insertion of the month in 30 days after the first 119-year cycle after the first calendar month and call it Ferwerdin II, 239 years after the second month( Ordibekheesh II), etc. Another reform of the Persian calendar was carried out in 1079It was based on the 33-year cycle, developed by the commission under the leadership of Omar Khayyam, with eight leap years. This calendar was more adapted to the uneven annual movement of the Sun according to the ecliptic: in it all the months of the first half of the year had 31 days, and the months of the second - for 30 days, except for the last month, which in a simple year had 29 days. The year began with the vernal equinox. Since 1976, the solar calendar in Iran has been canceled.

Ancient Armenian calendar. The wandering Egyptian year from 365 = 360 + 5 days for about 1200 years was used by Armenians. Here are the names of the months of their calendar:

Navasardi Khalots Ahekani

Gori Arattss Marori

Sahmi Mehekani Magatu

Three Areg Hrotitihs

The account of the years began on July 11, 552 AD.e. On the Julian calendar and the era of the "Nativity of Christ" Armenians moved in the XVIII century.

Calendar of the French Revolution. According to the scheme 365 = 12 * 30 + 5, the calendar adopted on October 5, 1793 by the National Convention in France was also built. The names of the months of this calendar completely reflected the seasonal changes:

For autumn( September 22-23 to December 20-21)

Vandemier - vintage,

Brumer - month of fog,

Fremer is a month of frosts.

For winter( from December 21-22 to March 19-20)

Nivoz - month of snow,

Pluvioz - month of rain,

Ventosis - month of the wind.

For spring( March 20-21 to June 18-19)

Germinal - germination month,

Floreal - flowering month,

Prairial - a month of meadows.

For summer( from June 19-20 to September 16-17)

Messidor - harvest month,

Thermidor - heat month,

Fruktidor - month of fruits.

Each month was divided into three decades, the days in which were named, composed of Latin words: primidi - "first day", duodi - "second day", etc. At the end of the simple year, 5 were added, and in the leap year - 6 holidaydays, called "sansculotids".The first day was the holiday of Genius, the second - the holiday of Labor, the third - the Feast of the Feats, the fourth - the Holiday of the Awards, the fifth - the holiday of Opinion. The sixth was devoted to sports games and competitions. The insertion of the 366th day was carried out so that the year began on the day of the autumnal equinox. This calendar was used by the French for 13 years, after December 31, 1805, it was again replaced by the Gregorian.

Having proclaimed the Paris Commune in March 1871, the Paris workers restored the calendar of the French revolution, which existed from March 18 to May 28, 1871, until the fall of the Commune.