Calendar for Muslims
"Verily, the number of months in Allah is twelve months in the scripture of Allah on that day, as He created the heavens and the earth. .. The inset is only the increase of disbelief;those who do not believe are mistaken;they resolve it in one year and forbid it to another, in agreement with the account that Allah has forbidden. And they allow what Allah has forbidden. .. "
So the Koran( Surah 9, 36-37) decides on the number of months in the calendar year: they supposedly must be twelve, and the insertion of the additional 13th month is" onlyan increase in disbelief. "
The insertion of the 13th month was banned in 631 by the founder of Islam Mohammed( circa 570-632 gg.).A few years after the death of Muhammad, the Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab introduced the lunar calendar into state use. It was also decided to consider the years from the "relocation"( "Hijra") of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina - from July 16, 622 AD.e.
The correctness of the lunar calendar, one of the followers of Muhammad, Imam Jafar al-Sadiq "justified" this: "Allah created the year lasting for three hundred and sixty days and excluded from it the six days in which he created the sky and earth, so these days are not in the account".
Of course, from our point of view, the lunar calendar can hardly be called practical. But, as Biruni said, "everyone acts on his model, and every tribe enjoys what he has. .." And in our days the lunar calendar is used by many peoples from West Africa to the Far East.
Changing calendars
According to Biruni, in the distant past, the Arabs were engaged in cattle breeding, counting the days of the lunar calendar. Therefore, their pilgrimage to Mecca - the ancient shrine of the Arabs - occurred in certain calendar months and at different times of the year. But it was much more profitable to make a pilgrimage at a time of the year when goods-skins, fruits, etc., were ready for sale, that is, if the "pilgrimage was established in one position, at the most pleasant and abundant time.""And now they, Biruni continues," learned from the Jews who were neighbors with them to add months to the year-and this was about two hundred years before the Hijra-and began to do with months something similar to what the Jews did, that is, Add to months an excess of time between their month and the year in the sun, when this excess will be a full month. "The insertion of an additional month was called "nasi"( from "ayam an-nasi" - "extra days").
But has the Arabs used the lunisolar calendar for 200 years? After all, it turns out, they have twice the names of the months. Here are the old names that Biruni quotes in his fundamental book, The Canon of Masud: al-Mutamir, Najir, Khavvan, Suwan, Khantam, Zabba, al-Asamm, Adil, Nafik, Vagil, Khiva and Burak. Let us give translations of the names of only the first two: "al-Mutamir" means "obeying the dictates of fate";The name Najir comes from the word najr - "intense heat" and quite clearly indicates a certain time of the year.
But the names of the months of the modern Muslim calendar:
1. Muharram - "forbidden", "sacred".This month, as well as in the 7th, 11th and 12th months of the year, religious traditions forbade wars and military campaigns.
2. Safar - "yellow", this month as if the Arabs often crashed a pestilence, from which the patient yellow face.
3 and 4. Rabi al-Awal and Rabi As-sani - Rabi the first and Rabi the second. These months remind us of spring flowers and plants, of dew and rain. According to Biruni, "this refers to the time of year, which we call" harif "(autumn), and the ancient Arabs called it" rabi "(spring)."
5 and 6. Jumada al-ulah and Jumad al-ahir - Jumad I and Jumad II, from the jamada - "freeze".These months were in the winter, when the frosts started and the water froze.
7. Rajab - "safe", from "irjab" - "refrain from wars and raids".
8. Sha'ban - from "tashaab" - "branched out", "disperse", this month pre-Islamic Arabs made raids.
9. Ramadan - "hot month", from the word "rami-da" - "to be searing".According to Biruni, "this month even the stones are burning because of the heat."
10. Shawwal - from "shalya" - "raise", "carry".This month, the Arabs were removed from the parking lot.
11. Zu'l-Kaada - from the "Kaada" - "sit", "stay at home."
12. Zu'l-Hijja - from "Hajj" - "pilgrimage".Pre-Islamic Arabs made a pilgrimage to Mecca this month.
The very names of some months show that the pre-Islamic Arabs did use the lunisolar calendar. According to available data, the insertion of the 13th month was solemnly held in Mecca during the big fair: it was necessary for everyone to know about this event. The 13th month received the name of the previous one and, according to Biruni, was inserted alternately( in accordance with the 19-year cycle) after all the months of the calendar. Apparently, the people lived the memory of what the name of the month would be if such insertions were not made at all. Biruni writes further: "The Prophet, addressing the people with the sermon. .., said:" Time and time have made a circle, and it became as it was when Allah created the heavens and the earth. "He wanted to say that the months returned to their seats. .. After that, the year's addition was banned and completely abandoned. "
Two calendar cycles
To adapt to the phase change of the moon, in the Muslim calendar consisting of 12 months, it is assumed that all odd months have 30 days, all even - for 29 days( table).
| ordinal number of the month | month name | number days | ordinal number of the month | month name | number of days |
| 1 | Muharram | 30 | 7 | Rajab | 30 |
| 2 | Safar | 29 | 8 | Shaaban | 29 |
| 3 | Rabi I | 30 | 9 | Ramadan | 30 |
| 4 | Rabi II | 29 | 10 | Shavval | 29 |
| 5 | Jumada I | 30 | 11 | Dhu-l-KAAD | 30 |
| 6 | JumadaII | 29 | 12 | Zu-L-Hijah | 29 |
Table. Months of the Muslim calendar
Thus, the year of the Muslim calendar contains 354 days. But, as already noted, this calendar year is 0,367 06 days shorter than the duration of 12 synodic months. Therefore, in order to keep the nephew at the first day of the month, in the last month of the year, Zu-l-Hijj, an insertion of the 30th day is made from time to time.
In the "Turkish cycle" such an insert is made three times over the course of eight years. In fact,
354,367 06 * 8 = 2834,936 5 ≈ 2835 days.
The eight simple lunar years are 354 * 8 = 2832 days, and that the deviations of the dates from the neonations at the end of the year did not exceed 0.5 days, the 2nd, 5th and 7th years of the 8-year cycle continued.
| Complete 30 year | cycles | Cycle coefficients | Partial cycle years | Muharram sign | |||||
| 0 | 210 | 420 | 630 | 840 | 1050 | 1260 | 0 5 3 1 6 4 2 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | 6 3 1 5 2 7 4 2 |
| 30 | 240 | 450 | 660 | 870 | 1080 | 1290 | |||
| 60 | 270 | 480 | 690 | 900 | 1110 | 1320 | |||
| 90 | 300 | 510 | 720 | 930 | 1140 | 1350 | |||
| 120 | 330 | 540 | 750 | 960 | 1170 | 1380 | |||
| 150 | 360 | 570 | 780 | 990 | 1200 | 1410 | |||
| 180 | 390 | 600 | 810 | 1020 | 1230 | 1440 | |||
| 9 10 11 12 | 6 3 1 5 | ||||||||
| Months | Monthly coefficients | 13 14 15 16 17 18 | 2 7 4 1 6 3 | ||||||
| 19 | 1 | ||||||||
| Muharram, Shavwal | 0 2 3 5 6 1 4 | 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | 5 2 7 4 1 6 3 1 | ||||||
| Safar, Rajab | |||||||||
| Rabi I, Zu'l-Hijah | |||||||||
| Rabi II, Ramadan | |||||||||
| Jumada I | |||||||||
| Jumada II, Zu-l-Kaada | |||||||||
| Shaaban | |||||||||
| 28 29 30 | 5 2 7 |
It's easy to make sure that 2835 days are exactly 405 weeks. In other words, in eight years the phases of the moon fall on the same days of the week. This made it possible to compile the "eternal" lunar calendar - to compare the dates( phases of the moon) with the days of the week for a whole 8-year period. In the Turkish language these tables are called "Ruz-nime", ie, "The Book of Days".But there is nothing "eternal" in nature. The error of the 8-year cycle is 0.0635 days. Therefore, for 1: 0.0635 = 15.6 cycles = 125 years of the moon phase relative to the calendar dates are shifted one day back. Therefore, every 125 years, say, the 7th year of the 8-year cycle should be left simple, and the names of the days of the week in the "Book of Days" are moved one position back.
The second cycle is Arabic, or 30-year. For him, 354,367 06 * 30 = 10 631,012≈10 631 days.
But 10 631 = 19 * 354 + 11 * 355. Thus, this cycle consists of 19 simple and 11 extended( leap years) years. The 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 26th and 29th years of the cycle are leap years, if the initialThe day of the Hijra was taken on July 16.In some Muslim countries the first day was taken on July 15.Then a leap year is not the 16th, but the 15th year of the cycle. The accuracy of the 30-year cycle is very high: an error in the whole day accumulates in it for 3000 years.
By charting the days of the week by the numbers of the months of the Muslim calendar, it is not difficult to see a certain cyclicality. This makes it possible to make tab.annual and monthly coefficients for determining the day of the week for any calendar date. The table is compiled on the basis of general ideas about the competitors and regulators mentioned earlier and on the basis of the Biruni table. In this latter, however, there are many inaccuracies, apparently due to mistakes of copyists.
The calculation will then use the days count in the week starting on Sunday, which corresponds to the number 1. Monday corresponds to the number 2, Tuesday - 3, Wednesday - 4, Thursday - 5, Friday - 6 and Saturday - 7.
Coefficients for the full30-year cycles( Biruni calls them Muharram signs) - the coefficients of cycles - are calculated on the basis of the following considerations. The time interval of 30 years contains 10 631 days or 1518 weeks and 5 days. Therefore, if in the 1st year of the AH-1 year of the 1st 30-year cycle 1 Muharram fell on Friday, then in the 1st year of the 2nd 30-year cycle it will have to be five days later( ortwo days earlier), i.e. on Wednesday. Further, the 3rd 30-year cycle will begin on Monday, the 4th on Saturday, the 5th on Thursday, the 6th on Tuesday and the 7th on Sunday. Since for seven 30-year cycles these additional five days will already amount to 7X5 = 35 - seven, weeks, then the 8th cycle, ie 211( as well as 421, 631, etc.) will begin again on Friday.
Having adopted the coefficient 0 for the complete "zero" cycle, we find further the cycle coefficients by successively adding 5 to the number of the previous coefficient and excluding 7 - the number of days in a week. So we find accordingly: 0 + 5 = 5, 5 + + 5 - 7 = 3, 3 + 5 - 7 = 1, 1 + 5 = 6, 6 + 5 - 7 = 4 + 5 - 7 = 2. Adding to thisto the last 5, we return to the initial value of the cycle coefficient - 7( 0).These coefficients are located in the upper part of Table.
Table. Table of coefficients for calculating the days of the week for the first day of the month of the Muslim calendar
The day of the week per Muharram is obtained by adding the cycle coefficient with the Muharram sign( here we leave the name used by Biruni) corresponding to the current year of the incomplete 30-year cycle. In the 1st year of the Hijra 1 Muharram era fell on Friday. Consequently, this year's Muharram sign will be the corresponding number 6. This first year contained 354 days, that is, 50 weeks and 4 days. Therefore, 1 Muharram of the 2nd year of the cycle will already have 6 + 4-7 = 3 - on Wednesday. The number 3 will be the sign of Muharram this year. But the second year of the 30-year cycle is continued( leap-year), it has 355 days, ie 50 weeks and 5 days. Therefore, the sign of Muharram of the 3rd year is 3 + 5 - 7 = 1, and his 1 Muharram falls on Sunday. So it is not difficult to determine these signs for all 30 years of the cycle. In Table.they are shown on the right.
For the 31st year, the day of week 1 of Muharram is defined as 4 + 7( the excess of days in the last 30th year plus the Muharram sign of the year 30), which is 4. But since 31 = 30 + 1, we find it andas 5 + 6 - 7 = 4: the cycle coefficient corresponding to the full 30th anniversary, plus the Muharram sign of the 1st year of the new cycle. As can be seen, the successive change of days on the verge of 30-year cycles is correctly shown here.
| Number of the year in the | cycle Years of the Hijri | Number of days in the year | Date of the Gregorian calendar and day of the week, accounting for 1 Muharram( beginning of the year) |
| 26 | 1406 * | 355 | 16. IX.1985.Monday |
| 27 | 1407 | 354 | 6. IX.1986.Saturday |
| 28 | 1408 | 354 | 26. VIII.1987.Wednesday |
| 29 | 1409 * | 355 | 14. VIII.1988. Sunday |
| 30 | 1410 | 354 | 4. VIII.1989.Friday |
| 1 | 1411 | 354 | 24. VII.1990.Tuesday |
| 2 | 1412 * | 355 | 13. VII.1991.Saturday |
| 3 | 1413 | 354 | 2. VII.1992.Thursday |
| 4 | 1414 | 354 | 21. VI.1993.Monday |
| 5 | 1415 * | 355 | 10. VI.1994.Friday |
| 6 | 1416 | 354 | 31. V.1995.Wednesday |
| 7 | 1417 * | 355 | 19. V.1996.Sunday |
| 8 | 1418 | 354 | 9. V.1997.Friday |
| 9 | 1419 | 354 | 28. IV!1998. Tuesday |
| 10 | 1420 * | 355 | 17. IV.1999. Saturday |
| 11 | 1421 | 354 | 6. IV.2000.Thursday |
| 12 | 1422 | 354 | 26. III.2001.Monday |
| 13 | 1423 * | 355 | 15.111.2002.Friday |
| 14 | 1424 | 354 | 4.111.2003.Tuesday |
| 15 | 1425 | 354 | on 22.11.2004.Sunday |
| 16 | 1426 * | 355 | 10.11.2005.Thursday |
| 17 | 1427 | 354 | 31.1.2006.Tuesday |
| 18 | 1428 * | 355 | 20.1.2007.Saturday |
| 19 | 1429 | 354 | 10.1.2008.Thursday |
| 20 | 1430 | 354 | 29. XII.2008.Monday |
| 21 | 1431 * | 355 | 18. XII.2009.Friday |
| 22 | 1432 | 354 | 8. XII.2010.Wednesday |
| 23 | 1433 | 354 | 27. XI.2011.Sunday |
| 24 | 1434 * | 355 | I5.XI.Thursday |
| 25 | 1435 | 354 | 5. XI.2013.Tuesday |
| 26 | 1436 * | 355 | 25.X.2014.Saturday |
| 27 | 1437 | 354 | 15.X.2015.Thursday |
| Note | The asterisk | indicates leap years. |
To calculate the day of the week falling on the 1st day of any other month, monthly coefficients are used. Calculating them is also obvious. Since there are 30 days in Muharram, that is, 4 weeks and 2 days, then, correspondingly, the day of the week per Safar corresponds to a number increased by 2 compared to the sign of Muharram of the current year. Thus, for the first year of the cycle, the sign of Muharram 6. Consequently, 1 Safar falls on 6 + 2 - 7 = 1 - Sunday.
As an example of the use of the table, we determine the day of the week, which accounted for 17 Dzhumada I 377 AH.First of all, 377 = 360 + + 17. We add the coefficient of cycle 4 and the Muharram sign of year 6, we find 4 + 6 - 7 = 3-1 Muharram 377 was on Tuesday. Month Jumad I corresponds to the monthly coefficient 6. Adding it to 3, we find 3 + 6 - 7 = 2: the 1st day of the month of Jumad I( and therefore, 8 and 15) was on Monday, the 17th of it on Wednesday.
It is obvious that in the 8-year cycle, the first eight Muharram signs can be used in calendar calculations, since the distribution of leap years is the same. Note also that the 120-year period contains four 30-year cycles or 15 8-year cycles. But in four 30-year cycles, the insertion of an additional day is 4 * 11 = 44 times, whereas in 15 eight-year cycles 15 * 3 = 45. High accuracy of the Arabic cycle( its correspondence to the phase change of the Moon) has already been noted. In the 8-year cycle, for its best matching not only with the phases of the moon, but also with the 30-year cycle, it seems most convenient to exclude one day approximately in the middle of a 120-year period, for example, the 7th year of the eighth eight-year periodsimple.
The correspondence of the dates of the Muslim and Gregorian calendars from 1985 to 2015.is given in Table.
Table. The correspondence of the dates of the Muslim and Gregorian calendars to
. Recall that the beginning of the year of the Muslim calendar is due to a lack of - the first appearance of the crescent moon in the evening sky, and not the true astronomical new moon( conjunction).So, in 1983, according to the astronomical calendar, the new moon took place on October 6 at 11:57 GMT, and 1 Muharram fell on October 8.Similarly, in 1984, the new moon was September 3 at 3:11, and the calculated start of the year was September 27.
For a night a day. ..
Like all other nations, whose arrival of a new calendar month was associated with the appearance of a narrow crescent moon on the evening sky, the Arabs counted the beginning of the day from sunset. This means that the night in the day went ahead of the day. And only recently in the countries of the Arab East, an official account of the clock in the days since midnight has been introduced.
The numbers of the month in the Arabic calendar are counted as follows: until the 15th they say "when Muharram's 10( nights) passed", that is, 10 Muharram, "when 14( nights) of Radjab passed, that is, 14 Rajab. After the 15th day: "when there were 14( nights) of Rajab," ie, 16 Rajab, "when there were 5( nights) of Rajab," ie, 25 Rajab, etc.
But the Arabic names of the days(as Biruni testifies, in the past they were different):
Sunday-Yaum al-Ahad,
Monday-Yaum al-Isnain,
Tuesday-Yaum as-salas,
Wednesday-Yaum al-arbaa,
Thursday-Yaum al-hamis,
Friday - Yaum al-Juma,
Saturday - Yaum as-sabt.
In the translation of the names of days from Sunday to Thursday means: 1st day, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day and 5th day.
Friday, Iaum al-juma( "the day of union"), is a weekly holiday - a sacred Muslim day. However, in Turkey, the day off was postponed from Friday to Sunday as early as 1935.
In the Muslim calendar, the has many important( in terms of the believer's) dates. So, the night of the 15th Sha'ban is called "the night of the sentence" or "the night of the decree".On this night, according to the beliefs of Muslims, the angel of death receives a list of people who are destined to die next year. The night of 27 Ramadan is called "the night of predestination," when, according to the Muslim myth, Archangel Gabriel, on behalf of Allah, gave the Qur'an to Muhammad. The main thing is a fast, which Muslims should adhere to in the month of Ramadan. For 30 days, a Muslim can not eat, drink or smoke from the sunrise to sunset.
But when, from what day do you start this post?
It would seem that after the calendar is brought into line with the movement of the moon and the days of the year are painted by months, this question is superfluous. Alas, this is not so. As Biruni noted, "in the values of [lunar] months there is almost no order. Residents of even one locality differ in their attitude, as the power of vision [for observers] is not the same. And we see that they, indicating in agreement for the same day [of the week], differently determine the place of this day in the month. However, the Shari'a law prescribes the use of observation [of the new moon], not calculation. "
But the movement of the Moon is very difficult, and the conditions of its visibility change depending on the time of year and the geographical position of the observer, as already mentioned. Therefore, the number of days in the months of the lunar calendar is in fact not the same in many Muslim countries, so that different dates for the lunar calendars of different countries can correspond to the same date in the Gregorian calendar. For example, in the month of Muharram in 1383 the Hijra in the calendars of Saudi Arabia and Turkey contain 30 days, in the calendars of Tunisia, Iran and Afghanistan - 29 days. At the same time in Tunisia, Turkey and Afghanistan, 1 Muharram fell on May 24, 1963, and in Saudi Arabia and Iran - on May 25.For the same reasons, there are discrepancies in the dates of some Muslim holidays. For example, 1 Ramadan of 1383 AH fell in Afghanistan on January 15, in Saudi Arabia - on the 16th, in Iran - on January 17, 1964
. .. Over the year, the year
Regarding the era of the Muslim calendar, we note that"Migration"( Hijra - literally "migration") of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina lasted two weeks: 24 Safar Muhammad came from Mecca and 9 Rabi I he entered Medina;this corresponds to the period from September 8 to September 21, 622. The beginning of the year according to the lunar( then still lunisolar) calendar 1 Muharram fell this year to Friday, July 16( more precisely, the night of July 15 to July 16), 622 g. From him andThe account is kept for the years of the lunar Hijra - according to the Muslim lunar calendar.
An approximate translation of the dates from the Muslim calendar to the Gregorian calendar is done using the following formula:
R = M + 622- [M / 33]
where R is the year of the Gregorian calendar, M is the year of the Muslim lunar Hijra;square brackets mean that the whole part of the quotient is taken, and the remainder of the division is discarded.
For an example, let's determine which year of our calendar corresponds to 1402 AH.Using the formula, we find
R = 1402 + 622 - [1402/33] = 1982-
The minus sign means that from fraction 1402 to 33 there is some fraction that must be taken away from 1982. Consequently, 1402 AH corresponds to 1981-1982 gg. Gregorian calendar.
For the transition from the Gregorian calendar to the lunar hijra use the formula
M = R-622 + [(R-622) / 32]
Take for example the year 1990. Substituting the R-1990 number in this formula, we find M = 1410 +.
The plus sign indicates that a fractional number remains to be added from the division of the difference between 1990 and 622, which must be added to the received number 1410. Consequently, the 1990 Gregorian calendar corresponds to the year 1410-1411 of the Lunar Hijra. From Table.we find that 1411 AH really begins on July 24, 1990.
It is obvious that historians constantly meet with the need for an exact transition from the dates of the Muslim calendar to the Julian( Gregorian) and vice versa. After all, very often the references to the same events of world history are dated by various methods. For example, such events 987-998, as the campaign of Prince Vladimir of Kiev to Korsun and the baptism of Rus: chroniclers and biographers of the prince illuminate them very one-sidedly and tendentiously. And only from foreign sources, in particular Arab sources, we learn what preceded the campaign against Korsun. .. Thus, the Arab historian Yahya reports that in Byzantium the general of the Ward Fock rebelled and proclaimed himself king on Wednesday. .. 14 Ailulja(September) 1298( 987), i.e. 17 Dzhumada I, 377. And it became dangerous for him and he was concerned about Tsar Vasily, and prompted his need to send to the Tsar Russ - and they are his enemies, to ask them to helphim. .. And they concluded a contract about the property between themselves and the Tsar of the Russs married the sister of Tsar Vasily, aftern I put it a condition that he was baptized, and all the people of his country. .. ".
In this example, the year in the Seleucid era is already completed with the year number AD.But in fact it could not be at all. How do you know, on what number of the Julian calendar was it "17 Dzhumada I 377 AH"?
Alas, for the transition from the Muslim calendar to the Julian( and vice versa), there is no other way than. .. counting the total number of days that have elapsed since the beginning of the Hijra era to the specific date of this era and the breakdown of the amount received for the years and months of the Julian calendar. This is done according to the following scheme:
1) The number of complete 30-year cycles n and full years of the current cycle is set m:
n = [(M-1) / 30], m = |( M-1) / 30 |,
where M is the year number of the lunar Hijra. As before, the symbol [] means that only the whole part of the quotient is taken, and || |- that only the remainder of the division is taken.
2) It is determined how many days D has passed in all the full 30-year cycles from the beginning of the Hijra era,
D = n * 10631, since there are 10,631 days in full 30th anniversary.
3) The number of days Δ is set in the past years of the current 30th anniversary,
Δ =( р * 354) + q * 355),
where p and q are the number of passed simple and leap years, respectively. It is obvious that p + q = m.
4) It is established how many days N passed from the beginning of the Muslim year( 1 Muharrama) to the specified date, including it:
N =( s * 30) +( t * 29) + u,
where s and t are respectively the number of complete(for 30 days) and empty( for 29 days) expired months, u- the number of days in the current month, including the determined date.
5) It is counted how many days Z has passed since the beginning of n.e.to the date of interest to us( from the beginning of the era to the era of the Hijra they passed 227,016):
Z = 227016 + D + A + N.
6) The number of expired from the beginning of the e.the full four-year Julian cycles J( 1461 days) and the number of days in the incomplete cycle B,
J = [Z / 1461], B = [Z / 1461]
Obviously, the number of Julian years in these complete four-year cycles will be 4J.
7) The number of full years K is determined in the current four-year period and the number of days in the current year d:
K = [B / 365], d = | B / 365 |
8) The year number is set to n.e.
R = 4J + K + 1.
9) Using Table B( or simply counting), the date of the Julian calendar for the current year is found. This solves the problem posed.
As an example, let's see if Yahya's date corresponds to the date 17 Dzhumada I 377 AH on September 14, 987. Since the number of the current year of the Hijra M = 377, then:
1) the number of complete expired 30-year cycles is 12( n =12), the number of complete years of the current cycle is m = 16.
2) The number of days in the complete expired 30-year cycles D = 12 * 10631 = 127572.
3) Of the past 16 complete years, p = 10 simple and q = 6 leap years. Therefore, the total number of days in these years
A =( 10 * 354) +( 6 * 355) = 3540 + 2130 = 5670.
4) The month of Jumad I is the fifth in the calendar, here s = 2 and t = 2, sonumber of days N expired since the beginning of the year,
N =( 2 * 30) +( 2 * 29) + 17 = 135.
5) The total number of days elapsed since the beginning of the year. E, up to 17 Dzhumada I 377 Hijra
Z = 227 016 + 127 572 + 5670 + 135 = 360 393.
6) The number of expired from the beginning of n.e.four-year cycles J = 246 and the corresponding years 4J = 984, the number of days in the incomplete cycle is B = 987.
7) The number of complete years in the current four-year period is K = 2, the number of days in the current year is d = 257.
8) Number of the year n. E.R = 984 + 2 + 1 = 987, and the 257th day corresponds to 14 September.
Therefore, the date of the Muslim calendar fully corresponds to the one specified in the Julian document.
In a number of Muslim countries, the solar Hijra is also used. This is a calendar system in which the date of the vernal equinox is adopted for the beginning of the year, but the years are counted from 622 g.e,
However, the year of the lunar Hijrah has 354 or 355 days, while the solar year is 365 or 366 days. Therefore, for every 33 years, the number of years of the lunar Hijra, compared with the solar one, is increased by one.