Parenting
An important feature of the early childhood period is that in these years the child is laid the foundations for future character and behavior, the personality is formed. All that is lost at this time is very difficult to compensate in the future. The child of the first three years of life is characterized by an extremely fast pace of not only physical, but also mental development. The formation of a child as a person and a citizen depends on what kind of upbringing the child receives in these years.
Mental development of a child occurs under the influence and with the direct participation of adults surrounding it.
Communicating with an adult is an important source of development for an early child. In order to have the right educational impact on the child, parents need to know well the characteristics of child development in different age periods, have an idea of what skills and abilities should be developed by him, what requirements can be presented, what rates should they be complicated. Successful upbringing of the baby largely depends on whether enough attention is paid to its speech development, whether the environment and activity of the child are properly organized during wakefulness, whether fatigue is prevented, etc.
The need for communication with an adult in a child arises from the first days of life. The adult satisfies the basic biological needs of the child: in food, warmth, protection. However, this child is not enough. He is in dire need of emotional communication.
It is noticed that the child's first emotional reactions( cry, facial expression, smile) serve as a means of communication with an adult. Already in the second month of life, the baby, in response to his mother's appeal, concentrates on her face. Later, he has a smile, and then the so-called complex of animation - strengthened movements of hands and feet, walking.
A complex of animation, a smile is the beginning of the formation of positive emotions, against which the child more successfully learns skills, remembers the connections between phenomena. A positive emotional background is a prerequisite for a child's normal development.
The development of a child's emotions requires compliance with certain rules based on his age and individual characteristics.
For example, to cause a complex of animation in a child of the first months of life, talking to him, braking him, it is necessary only when he slept, ate and is in a state of active wakefulness. At the same time, watch for manifestations of fatigue. If the kid has ceased actively to reach for the toy, to walk and smile, means, it is necessary to give it a rest, otherwise it will begin to be capricious. To form a positive emotional state of a child can only be consistent with the sequence of the basic elements of the regime - sleep, feeding and wakefulness.
For the upbringing of positive emotions in children older than 6 months, you should not only communicate with them, but also show colorful toys, give them to touch. However, do not leave these toys in the baby's crib. If he constantly sees them, they will stop provoking a positive reaction. Use sounding toys, sing songs, play games, play hide and seek, covering your face with a scarf or scarf. It is best to deal with a child 1-1.5 hours after waking up, when he is in a state of alert. After that, you need to give him the opportunity to play for a while yourself. Feed your baby right after he wakes up. Do not forget about positive emotions and during feeding, pay attention to a nice plate, spoon, cup, do not rush, do not feed by force.
The second year of a child's life brings new difficulties to parents. The kid less rejoices around, can not self-play himself, often capricious. Difficulties are due to the peculiarities of his development in this age period, when the child begins to realize himself as a person and gets the most satisfaction when he can do something on his own. However, he does not know much, and this causes negative emotions.
To create a positive emotional tone, you need to help the child achieve the desired goal and make it so that he felt as if he had coped with the task and was happy about it. It is necessary to notice together with the child every his independent achievement, to praise him. At this age, each child is attracted to a new toy( and sometimes forgotten old).It is not necessary, however, to give him constantly and in large quantities new toys, they should be periodically hidden for a while.
Up to 1.5 years old the kid plays most of the time with an adult. When he becomes older, we must accustom him to an independent game. In this case, playing with an adult will turn into a special source of joy and help bring up many positive qualities. By the end of the second year of life, the child should be able to play with other children, do not offend toddlers, do not take away toys from peers. With the skillful organization of the joint game of children brings them great joy.
In the third year of life the child should show pictures, read books, learn poems and songs from him, show puppet theater, filmstrips, TV program "Good night, kids".All this brings the child great joy, enriches his ideas, promotes mental development. However, we also need the necessary conditions for conducting classes - the child should be in a good state( well-fed, fed), then he can show active interest in new experiences and respond to them with positive emotions.
There are also a number of stages in the development of the child's speech. If the child's speech develops in a timely and correct way, then by the end of the third year of life he speaks freely, correctly pronounces all sounds, uses simple grammatical forms. Speech development contributes to the mental: the kid is more sociable, more consciously perceives the world around him, he understands the phenomena happening more quickly. In the future, such a child is better and easier to learn in school.
The development of speech in the first year of life is completely dependent on contacts with adults. While the child has not yet mastered speech, he expresses his desires with a cry. A cry is a voice reaction, in which the same organs participate as in the formation of speech: the vocal cords, the tongue, the muscles of the cheeks and lips. When a child screams, he reports his needs in a voice. Adult, satisfying these needs, should respond to the child not only by action, but also to talk with him. Thus, the child develops understanding of speech.
While communicating with the child, make sure that the room is quiet and the baby is not distracted, it does not stop him concentrating on the voice and words of a loved one. In this case, the child must see the face of an adult, his movements 176. A properly educated child begins to distinguish speech from other sounds by the 3 rd month. At this time, he tries to imitate the adult, he develops more complex than screaming, voice responses. He starts to walk.
Since the appearance of the walk, the adult must constantly keep in touch with the child: let him pronounce the sound himself, and then repeat it cleanly and distinctly. Then the child, hearing his voice and the voice of an adult, begins to pronounce the sounds more correctly. Follow all the actions with the child with words, pay attention to the variety of intonations of speech.
By the age of 6 months the child has babbling, he begins to pronounce individual syllables: "ma", "pa", "ta", "ba", etc. At this time, the adult must "babble" with the child, so that he learns more correctlyto pronounce sounds and syllables.
Simultaneously with the development of babbling, the child must constantly hear a coherent speech. To do this, all activities with the child( feeding, bedding, dressing, etc.) should be accompanied by appropriate words. In this case, the words should be pronounced clearly and not quickly, so that the child could connect actions and objects with words. It should also show the child certain items( watches, dolls, bulbs, etc.) and call them. After some exercise the kid will quickly learn to look for the desired object.
By the end of the year the child understands quite a lot and speaks a few words, although he often does not pronounce them correctly enough. To the baby quickly began to correctly say the words, do not "syusyukat, shortening or distorting them. If a child calls an object in a separate syllable or in his own way, one must repeat this word, pronouncing it correctly.
There is one more rule - do not talk a lot with the child before going to bed, when he is tired. Remember that the speech load requires a lot of attention and some effort from the child. Therefore, to teach him to speak, to evoke reciprocal voice reactions, to call and display objects better in the morning hours, after sleeping and feeding, when the kid is active and in a good mood.
In the second year of life, the child quickly develops understanding of speech( the so-called passive speech), speech hearing is improved. He understands the coherent speech addressed to him, performs simple instructions. After 1.5 years there is a jump in the development of active speech, the baby begins to speak in short phrases in 2-3 words. By the age of 2, the child's dictionary has up to 300 words.
In the third year of life, the child learns the correct pronunciation of sounds, digests the first grammatical forms, and word phrases appear with the use of subordinate clauses. By the end of the third year the child uses connecting unions and pronouns, the formation of speech basically ends.
The organization of wakefulness consists mainly in creating appropriate conditions for the child's play, while gradually complicating the child's play activity, using a variety of toys and tools to develop his cognitive aspirations.
Toys should be interesting, diverse, beautiful, appropriate age.
For children of the first 6 months used, usually toys, pendants, sounding toys and toys with handles, convenient for grasping and manipulating. In addition to hanging toys for viewing and grasping, toys should be placed in front of the child lying on the belly.
Beginning 7 months before the end of the first year, the child needs toys for various manipulations( inserting, taking out, closing and opening, stringing, etc.), as well as a variety of dolls, animals and sounded toys for display. Let's not more than 2-3 different toys at once, show how to play with them, periodically change them.
In the second year of life during the game, you need to teach the child to master activities with objects( building material, pyramids, various dolls, cars, household items).It is very important to continue classes in speech development, watching the surrounding world while walking, looking at pictures with images of animals, cars, etc. It is necessary to develop the child's hearing, listen to music with him, sing songs.
Classes can be conducted with the child 3-4 times a day for 10-15 minutes. For the game it is desirable to equip a special corner.
As the child grows up, the character of wakefulness continues to become more complicated. He is interested in playing using building material, paper, colored pencils, picking up a mosaic, I like modeling from plasticine( under the guidance of an adult).We need a variety of children's books, pictures, filmstrips with child-friendly content. At this age, a child can watch children's programs on TV 2-3 times a week, but there should be an adult next to explain the contents of the program and fix his attention on certain characters.
During walks, it is necessary to pay attention to certain situations, which you can then remember at home. For games on walks and at home make extensive use of natural material: sand, water, cones, leaves, flowers. It is very useful to make walks in the forest, field, on the river, to acquaint the child with the world around him in a natural setting.
During games and classes, the child naturally cultivates such qualities as attention, concentration, ability to bring things to the end, accuracy, curiosity, activity. Correctly organized games create not only a positive emotional mood of the child, but also bring up love for close people, animals, the ability to share a toy with other children, the desire to help in something older and peer, that is, form the moral behavior of the child.
Prevention of fatigue is a very important factor that ensures optimal development of the child. In the first year of the baby's life, fatigue can occur with violations of the general regime, if adults force him to stay awake longer than is permissible. The child in this case becomes capricious, irritable, his appetite decreases, sleep is disturbed. Under normal conditions, children after active wakefulness fall asleep until the onset of signs of fatigue.
In the second and third years of life, the child's fatigue occurs more often, as he becomes more active and at the same time has not yet learned to correctly assess the feeling of fatigue. In his behavior, changes occur that characterize fatigue( decreased attention, distraction, negative reaction to the requests of an adult addressed to him, etc.). With frequent violations of the regime, a child may develop a negative attitude towards the environment, aggressiveness may appear, sometimes it becomes listless, passive. Frequent and prolonged fatigue can lead to the formation of neuroses.
To prevent fatigue, it is very important to properly organize the evening period of the child's wake, when the working capacity and endurance of nerve cells is reduced. Exclude noisy and exciting games, do not allow long to sit by the TV.Play with the kid in "quiet games, read to him, then calmly begin preparations for sleep.
Taking into account the individual characteristics of the child is the key to successful education. The child's mental development and behavior are due to the innate properties of his nervous system. IP Pavlov's teaching made it possible to identify types of higher nervous activity of a person, which are determined by the properties of nervous processes-excitation and inhibition occurring in the cerebral cortex. According to the strength or weakness of these processes, their relationship distinguishes four types of higher nervous activity: a strong balanced( excitation and inhibition processes are expressed equally strong), a strong unbalanced with predominance of excitation processes, a strong unbalanced with predominance of inhibition processes and a weak type( excitation and inhibition are weakly expressed).
These types of higher nervous activity are, to some extent, conducive to the formation( or hampering) of one or another of the skills, abilities, and traits of a child's character. Knowing the individual characteristics of the baby, its capabilities, the response to various pedagogical methods and applying appropriate forms and methods of upbringing, it is not difficult to get the desired effect.
So, children with a strong balanced type of higher nervous activity( balanced) are characterized by calm behavior, predominance of positive emotions, good appetite and sleep. They rarely cry( if there is a significant cause), quickly calms down, easily come into contact with unfamiliar adults and peers. These children are equally willing to engage in both mobile and quiet games, can spend a lot of time concentrated. They easily form the necessary skills. However, in violation of the rules of education, deviations in the regime of the day, a child balanced by nature can become irritable and capricious.
In children with a strong unbalanced type of nervous activity with a predominance of excitation processes( easily excitable), sleep, appetite disorders are often noted. Such children in the first year of life often wake up before the time of feeding, are anxious, cry loudly. In these cases, the child has to be transferred to more frequent feeding, since otherwise he, crying, gets tired and does not eat well. To feed the child it is necessary in a quiet atmosphere, not allowing extraneous conversations, distracting the kid from meal. They fall asleep badly, their sleep is shallow, very sensitive, broken from the slightest noise. Given this, the child should be placed in a separate darkened room. At the excitable child the rapid display of feelings, joy and discontent quite often replace each other. He is active, mobile, shows a tendency to engage in activities that require movement and speed. Parents should pay special attention to the education of concentration, patience, the ability to bring the matter to an end. However, it is impossible to impose an occupation on the child contrary to his desire, this can lead to the rejection of employment. Skillfully evoke the interest of the baby to the right thing. If you do not specially engage with a child who is easily excitable and do not develop perseverance and patience with him, he will grow distracted and easily distracted. Speak with such a child in a calm tone, avoid noisy entertainment, do not abuse the prohibitions so as not to overstrain the nervous system.
Children with a strong unbalanced type of nervous activity with a predominance of the inhibition process( sluggish) are characterized by calm behavior, good appetite, calm long sleep. They quickly fall asleep, sleep with quiet conversations, dim lighting. Such children are usually slow, unruffled, show a tendency to calm games, like to look at pictures, spend a lot of time with toys, table games, but slower master the movements, use the acquired skills a little. The task of the parents in this case is to encourage the baby to change the position of the body more frequently( in the first year of life, it is necessary to stimulate corners, crawl, overtaking, and older children to attract more often to mobile games).The child should be brought up with dexterity, skill, speed of reaction. If you do not develop these qualities and do everything for it, it can grow into an incompetent, unsociable, clumsy person.
Children with a weak type of nervous system, in which the processes of excitation and inhibition are weak, need a special approach. They are very sensitive to everything that is happening around, especially to adverse effects. Their mood is unstable, they are touchy, quickly tired. Sleep, as a rule, shallow, so for a good rest they need a quiet environment, the exclusion of noise. A child does not fall asleep at once, can cry before going to sleep. Appetite is also unstable, the baby is difficult to get used to new food, to a new way of feeding( refuses to eat from a spoon, independently eat food).The necessary skills for these children are developed at a later date, they react more acutely to everything new, it is difficult to get used to a pre-school institution, frightened by unfamiliar adults, a large number of children, and try to seclude themselves. Bringing up a child with a weak type of nervous system, parents must, from an early age, prevent the development of his self-doubt, fearfulness, resentment, isolation. Do not get carried away by excessive guardianship, which makes the child insecure and timid, stimulate to overcome obstacles, cheer up, praise for success. It is useful for him to move more, to carry out various assignments of adults, to communicate more often with adults and children. Given the increased vulnerability of such a child, it is necessary to treat him kindly, attentively, not allowing not only crude, but also unnecessarily strict tone. At the same time, the increased susceptibility inherent in these children is a favorable background for the development of such qualities as sensitivity, sensitivity, responsiveness.
Thoughtful and attentive attitude to the child, studying the peculiarities of his higher nervous activity, physical and mental development help in a timely manner to create valuable qualities for the environment and for the child himself and prevent the development of negative features.