Preparing for enrollment in a preschool institution
In our country, preschool institutions play a huge role in the upbringing of not only pre-school children but also young children. Currently, over 60% of children aged from 1 to 6 years are covered in preschool education, in some large cities this figure reaches 80-90%.
Admission to a pre-school is always accompanied by certain psychological difficulties for a child who comes from a familiar home environment in a new environment of the children's collective. The conditions of preschool institutions are specific and often negatively affect an unprepared child.
Long stay of a large number of children causes rapid fatigue of the child. The possibility of mutual infection of children increases, and they tend to get sick more often than at home. In the preschool institution, certain pedagogical standards are inevitable in approaches to children, which hinders the individuality of the child.
New social conditions require adaptation to them, adaptation. For many children this task is rather complicated. Thus, a child who has fallen into unaccustomed conditions can develop a state of fear, mental tension, down to emotional stress. This causes, in turn, changes in the work of a number of organs and systems, the child weakens, the resistance of the organism decreases, which can lead to the development of the disease.
Children suffer differently from these difficulties. With easy adaptation, the child experiences temporary emotional disturbances when he does not sleep well, loses his appetite, and reluctantly plays with children. During the first month of stay in the institution, the baby usually gets used to the new conditions, his behavior and condition are normalized. Often this period is reduced to 15-20 days.
With the adaptation of moderate severity, the emotional state of the child normalizes more slowly. In the first month of his stay in the manger, he may get an acute respiratory illness, which usually lasts 7-10 days and ends without any complications. Adaptation to new conditions can last from 20 to 40 days. Such a course of adaptation takes place in children entering pre-school institutions at the age of 9 months to 1.5 years or older, with deviations in health status, and also with incorrect educational influences in the family.
For severe adaptation, the same manifestations are typical, but they last longer( from 2 to 6 months) and are heavier. The child usually falls ill in the first 10 days after admission to the preschool and then continues to get sick again during the first year of stay in the children's team( 4 to 12 times).Some children are practically not healthy for a long time and this is reflected in both physical and mental development. This form of adaptation occurs in children up to 1.5 years of age who have a harmful biological plan( toxicosis of pregnancy in the mother, complications in childbirth, neonatal diseases) and an unfavorable state of health before admission to the preschool.
Another form of severe adaptation manifests itself in the form of long and persistent violations of the child's behavior. There is a decrease in appetite, sometimes neurotic vomiting during feeding, sensitive shortened sleep, slow falling asleep( within 30-40 minutes), accompanied, like awakening, by crying. The child, as a rule, avoids contact with children, seeks solitude or shows aggressive attitude towards peers. He either cries during the entire stay in the institution, or is in a state of passivity, indifference, which can be replaced by increased irritability. At the child the motor and speech activity sharply decreases not only in a manger, but also at home. It becomes whimsical, requires increased attention from adults.
Normalization of behavior occurs very slowly, and improvements are unstable, it is possible to return a whiny and passive state. The child slows down the neuropsychic development, he may fall behind peers for several months. This form of severe adaptation usually occurs in children older than 1.5 years with unfavorable biological and social factors( weighed down pregnancy, birth trauma, violations of the regime, feeding, improper organization of wakefulness of the child, etc.).The most severe cases are observed when several factors of disadvantage are combined.
To make it easier for a child to enter new conditions of life is a task that is quite feasible for all parents. On the recommendation of the doctor of the children's polyclinic, it is necessary to create such conditions for the child at home that would be as close as possible to the conditions of the children's institution. He should get used to sleep, eat, stay awake at the time that is taken in the appropriate age group of the children's institution. Accustom the child to a certain temperature of the air in the room( not above 22 ° C), because otherwise, constantly staying at a higher air temperature at home, the children's group will experience a state of thermal discomfort. Correctly wear it, do not wrap it.
Pay a lot of attention to the timely formation of self-service skills. A kid should be able to drink at a certain age from a cup, eat a spoon, use a pot, dress and undress. All this will help to eliminate stressful situations in the future. A child entering a nursery must be taught to play on his own with toys, less to be in the hands of an adult. Very solves the presence of such harmful habits as the need for motion sickness, sucking pacifiers, etc. The baby, preparing for admission to a pre-school institution, should be actively introduced to both adults and children, to bring up a benevolent attitude towards them.
It is extremely important that the baby goes to the preschool completely healthy. If he has any deviations in the state of health( signs of rickets, anemia, manifestation of exudative diathesis, etc.), it is necessary to pre-arrange a set of medical and recreational activities. In case of acute illness during the period of direct preparation for admission to the children's team( for 1 month) the child can be received there no sooner than 2 weeks after recovery.
Do preventive vaccinations immediately before entering the preschool is prohibited, as they can complicate the course of adaptation. They must be done either a month before admission to the institution, or in the children's institution after the end of the adaptation period, but not earlier than 1 month from the date of admission. If there are medical evacuation from vaccinations, the child may be admitted to the preschool institution unvaccinated.
To facilitate the adaptation of the child, the first days of staying in it are of great importance. To help the child get used to the team, at first bring him to the nursery not for a full day, but for several hours, gradually increasing the time of being in the group. Create a sparing regimen and at home: do more with the baby, walk, play quiet games, consider
pictures, lay down earlier to sleep. To the possible whims of the child at this time be more indulgent. Eliminate unnecessary irritants: if possible, do not turn on the TV, radio, tape recorder.
The process of getting used to a child's collective usually lasts about a month, so at this time it is better for the mother to be at home( or to take some vacation for someone from her relatives).
At home, try to compensate for the possible malnutrition and lack of sleep in the child's institution.
During the period when the child is getting used to a pre-school institution, one should not go to visit him, to the cinema or the theater, since this creates an additional strain on the nervous system of the baby.
In the morning, bringing a child to the nursery, inform the group's staff about changes in his behavior and condition in order to develop a joint tactic of behavior and treatment of the child. Councils of the educator, nurse and doctor will help to normalize the child's condition, to cope with all the difficulties of the adaptation period more quickly.