Apple tree
Background: ancestors of apple trees, as scientists believe, appeared in the Cretaceous period of the history of our Earth. As a person directly enjoyed the fruits of wild apple trees, the culture was born and developed. Now the apple tree is cultivated almost all over the globe. Among fruit plants, it ranks first in both area and collection of fruits. The apple tree in culture has a height of 3.5-4 m. Begins to bear fruit depending on the variety, stock, zone, agricultural machinery from four to eight years. Durability of trees 20-50 years.
and maturity dates for fruit and ripeness of fruit are available in summer( ripen in late July or early August, stored a month), autumn( ripen in September, fruits are stored for 1-3 months), winter( reach a removable maturity in late Septemberand stored for 3-5 months).Varieties whose fruits are preserved after March, are late zimnim. Their fruits are taken off in October, and they get a normal taste after a certain period. Can be stored for 5-8 months.
Requirements: for gardens are allocated soil sod-podzolic, gray, forest, sand, clayey and loamy, and also peat. Before laying a garden on the site, it is necessary to carry out works aimed at cultivating the soils, that is, to increase the humus content and improve the physical and mechanical properties. No less important is the liming of the plots intended for planting apples. Ingredients: fruits contain proteins, carbohydrates, minerals: salts of potassium, iron, phosphorus, etc., trace elements: copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, C, E, PP, sugar( fructose, glucose, sucrose) and organic acids( malic and citric).
But there are also special substances in apples - pectin. They themselves are not digested, and therefore not digested, but adsorb poisonous substances that are formed with diseases in the intestines, neutralize them and remove them from the body. In addition, apples contain quite a lot of iron salts, so they are very useful for anemia. Apples are absolutely necessary for a person in winter, when in the diet there are mostly "heavy", protein-rich foods.
Apples are used as a multivitamin and hemopoietic agent for anemia, beriberi, as a restorative aid, in preparation for surgery and in the postoperative period, for prevention during epidemics. A good remedy for edema, edema, jaundice.
Used as a relief for heart, kidney, obesity, constipation. Have a beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal tract in dysentery, colitis, delay the formation of salts, urolithiasis. They have a choleretic effect, stimulating the release of cholesterol into the intestine.
Useful for hypertension, acute bronchitis, contribute to lowering blood pressure, reducing headaches, dizziness, noise in the head.
Choosing rootstocks for apple-trees: , depending on the conditions in the place of growth for the inoculation, seedlings of wild forms of apple or cultivated varieties, as well as strongly- or medium-sized clonal rootstocks, are chosen as rootstocks.
Seedlings:
A Chinese apple, very frost-resistant, is incompatible with some varieties.
An apple tree, characterized by an average winter hardiness, is compatible with most varieties.
The apple tree is home-grown, characterized by its high stature, provides a good harvest, is compatible with most varieties.
Seedlings of local selective forms and apple varieties, including Antonovka vulgaris, Borovinka, Grushovka Moscow, Cinnamon striped, provide a good harvest of quality fruits, are highly compatible with most varieties, are less powerful than the seedlings of the apple and forest, and form a powerful crown.
A2( seedlings of Antonovka vulgaris) are distinguished by their high strength, yield, average frost resistance, they are compatible with most varieties.
Medium, or semi-dwarf, stock
Planting: planting time is determined by climatic conditions and biological characteristics of the crop.
and spring, and autumn fit .In the first case, it is necessary to wait until the soil recoils, but to have time to finish landing before swelling of the kidneys( only 10 days).
For the autumn planting of it is necessary that the seedlings have matured wood and from planting to stable freezing of the soil it remained at least 20-25 days. Almost autumn planting in the middle and northern bands is carried out at the end of September-October. For planting, a two-year-old seedling is preferable, from which leaves are previously removed. Roots should be fresh, not dried, branched, not shorter than 30-35 cm. The more the root system, the better the plant gets accustomed.
Planting pits are prepared in advance( at spring planting - in autumn, in autumn - no later than 2-3 weeks before planting).The size of the pit depends on the type of soil and the depth of the pound waters. If the groundwater lies deeper than 2 m, the pit is dug to a depth of 60-70 cm in diameter 1-2 m. If the groundwater level is 1.5-2 m from the soil surface, the landing is conducted without a landing pit: the soil is deeply digged,organic and mineral fertilizers, a pit is made in it according to the size of the root system. When the pound waters are more than 1.5 m thick, the planting should be carried out on hills 50-70 cm high and 1.5-2 m in diameter. The pit is prepared as follows: first, select and lay off the top vegetation layer of the soil, remove the rest of the earth;in the bottom, a stake is scored, the length of which depends on the height of the lower branches of the seedling( they should be 5-10 cm higher).The upper vegetative layer is covered in the pit, enriching it with 3-4 buckets of manure or 10 buckets of peat. Add mineral fertilizers: 500-600 g of simple superphosphate, 600-700 g of wood ash or 400 g of potassium sulfate. The prepared mixture is poured into the pit from the northern side of the stake in the form of a conical hillock slightly above the soil surface. All work must be done in advance in order to allow the soil to compact and settle.
When planting the seedling is put close to the cola from the north side, the roots are evenly spread over the mound, then they are gradually covered with good soil. The planting should be done so that the root collar of the seedlings is 5-7 cm above the soil surface, taking into account that the soil mixture in the pit gradually settles and the root neck of the plant plant will be at the soil level. After the roots are covered with earth, 2-3 buckets of water are poured into the pit so that a crust does not form on the surface of the soil, the mound is mulched with peat compost or humus. Seedling is tied to the cola with a soft twine eight, it is desirable to lay some soft material between the stalk and the stem. First, the garter is weakly made( in anticipation of subsidence of the soil), after 2-3 weeks the twine can be tied tightly. In dry weather, after 10-15 days, it is necessary to water the plants again.
If planting is carried out in the spring, then immediately shorten the branches of the crown. On plants of autumn planting pruning is done in early spring, before the buds swell. After trimming, the lateral branches should be approximately at one level, and the central conductor - 15-20 cm above the other shoots.
Apple trees are fairly winter-hardy and tolerate frosts well up to -25-30 ° C, complete freezing of apple trees is a rare occurrence in the central strip of Russia.
To protect against frosts and rodents, the stem and the base of the branches should be tied with spruce bark, on top - with bitumen-impregnated paper or burlap, trickle round with loose soil, taken from the rows, with a layer of 30-35 cm. In the spring, the strapping is removed, the seedlings are unloaded.
Care: the main activities are the formation of fruit tree, fertilizer, watering the garden, fighting pests and diseases. Acid soils should be limed: 350-400 g