Varieties of grapes
Astronaut - very early. Berries are medium in size, dark purple, flesh is fleshy-juicy. Bunch of loose, medium-sized, weight from 100-140 to 200 g. To mushroom diseases is unstable.
North early - very early. Berries are small, white, juicy. The cluster is small, loose. Better fructifies in large formulations. To mushroom diseases is unstable.
The beauty of the North. Recommended for wall culture, film shelters and greenhouses. The variety is early, very yielding, prone to overloading. The berries are large, white, juicy. The bunch is large, loose.
Michurinsky - early sort. Berries are medium and large, black or dark red, juicy pulp with muscat taste. The cluster is medium, weighing up to 150 g. It is susceptible to mildew.
Care: in the first year during the growing season, it is recommended to dig up the seedlings several times to destroy the weeds and keep the moisture in the soil. Especially carefully loosen the ground near the trunks. When shoots reach a length of 10 cm, they should be treated against mealy and mildewy mildew of grapes. At the end of June, gently rake the earth, cut off the young surface roots and again
fall asleep on the ground. In the middle of August the earth is raked again, so that part of the shoots that grew underground could mature before winter. Young shoots are tied to pegs. In autumn they should be poured on the ground so that they do not freeze.
The soil in the vineyard during the growing season should be kept in a loose and clean condition from weeds. Around the individual bushes, the soil is cultivated in a radius of 1.5 m. During the summer, the soil is systematically loosened as weeds appear. In autumn, after harvesting, the soil is dug deep with the turnover of the formation, which contributes to the preservation of moisture and the improvement of the air regime. In some dry years in July and early August, moist soil should be moistened, especially on young plantings and on light soils, contribute to an increase in the growth force of bushes and the size of berries.
With the proper preplant filling of the soil, young plants require only top dressing in the first 3 years. Organic fertilizers are applied every 3 years at the rate of 8-10 kg / m2.Together with organic fertilizers, phosphoric and potassium fertilizers are added. Manure is better to make in the fall, compost in the spring. In the autumn application of manure, mineral fertilizers are not used in the spring. If organic fertilizers are not introduced, then in spring 50 grams of ammonium nitrate, 100-120 grams of superphosphate, 75-100 g of wood ash or 30-50 g of potassium sulfate are applied per m2.Fertilizers are better to make before opening bushes. In the summer, bushes are fed after flowering, and at the beginning of ripening of berries. Under each bush are added 10-15 grams of ammonium nitrate, 25-30 grams of superphosphate, 10-15 grams of potassium salt. Fertilizers should be added to the wells. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers should be stopped in late July - early August, otherwise the shoots will not have time to ripen, grow stronger and freeze in winter. Bushes of grapes, especially in open areas, with significant temperature fluctuations should be protected from frost even before the soil freezes in the first half of November. The vine is untied from the supports and laid in a dug out groove with a depth of 15 cm, and then sprinkled with a layer of earth 20 cm( do not take the ground near the roots so that they do not freeze in winter).If the grapes grow near the wall of the building or around the arbor, then after removing the shoots they cover with dry straw or leaves, and then with a layer of earth. Bushes, fortified in a gazebo, can be hidden for the winter, without removing the vines, covering the shoots with straw or reed mats. However, such a shelter in a cold winter may not be sufficient.
Pruning: The vine can be cut until the middle of December, but, as a rule, pruning is carried out in March( at a temperature of at least -3 ° C), when there is no fear that the frost will come. For pruning a one-year-old vine, use sharp garden shears, for a garden buster hives, leaving a 2-cm-long groove over the upper eye.
Approximately from mid-May to early June, when annual shoots reach a length of 20-25 cm and the inflorescence time approaches,a fragment of bushes. At the end of June or in July, fruit-bearing knots growing out of long wood are plucked behind the 10-12th leaf, and poor-sounding knots break off. The last three sheets of shortened knots are left by stepsons. In late August, when berries begin to soften, they produce so-called chasing vines, that is, remove the tops of green shoots over the 15-16th leaf. This must be done to better ripen vines and berries. The stepsons are cut off as they appear, leaving 1 sheet.
To accelerate the ripening of fruits and improve their quality, thin out the leaves in the area of the cluster and during the ripening of berries and dilution of grapes. It is more convenient to grow a vine in the form of a one- and two-sided horizontal cordon. In places where severe frosts are possible, it is recommended to grow inclined cordons - the shoulder runs obliquely at an angle of 30-45 ° to the surface of the earth.
If the vine with a high trunk has aged, it should be rejuvenated. The old trunk is cut almost at the ground, and the vine grown from the replacement kidney at the base is cut to the height necessary for the formation of a new stalk.
Grape growing
1. A vine plant in the spring of the third year of formation after pruning and pricking the vine.
2. Vine plant for the third year in the autumn before pruning
Formation of the vine without the
. It's enough just to form the grape plants in the Guyot system without the stem. This method can be mastered even by aspiring gardeners. Pruning of plants is performed twice a year - in autumn and spring.
1. To fasten the plants, it is necessary to create a support in the form of several rows of wire stretched between the supports parallel to the ground after 30-40 cm. The plant is cut to 3 -
4 kidneys above the ground.
2. In the first year after planting, 2-3 strong shoots are grown on a young plant, in the autumn they cut an unbroken part of the shoots and cover them for the winter. In the spring and autumn of the following year, they do the same.
3. In the spring of the third year, long vines thick with a pencil are left, on each of the 2 knots the lower shoot is shortened to 3-4 buds of
( on the knot of substitution), and the top one - to 6-8 kidneys( on the fruit arrow).Shoots above the fruit arrow must be cut entirely. Fruit arrows attach to the bottom wire trellis, and green shoots tie, directing them vertically up. From the development of one bud, several shoots leave the strongest
. At the end of the first year of development of the grape plant, it is necessary to fix the required height of the grapes, after that pruning is performed to the level of 5- of the 6th kidney above the established height. This stimulates the shoot-out of
Pruning the vine
1. The upper aged and otter-bearing vine is cut during the autumn pruning.
2. Of the two fruit vines located below the cut, leave one as the fruit vine, and the second shorten to two kidneys
na. Leave only 2 knots at the end of the trunk and 1 at the bottom as a spare. The remaining eyes immediately break off after dissolving.
Harvesting: , the time of collection of table varieties is determined by the appearance and taste of berries. For table varieties, coloring, transparency, wax coating and density of berries are also important.
Bunches are cut with a pruner and piled in a clean container without foreign odor, trying not to lubricate the wax coating.
The best thing is to eat fresh grapes. You can make wine from it, juice and compotes, jams and preserves;berries dry, dry and canned.
Dried grapes are called raisins. It can be of two kinds: the first is sultana( there is a seed in it, but it is small, underdeveloped, soft, practically not palpable in the mouth), the second is the corinth( parthenocarpic berries, that is, neo-fruitful, which means no seeds).Even the grapes are dried sometimes with whole bunches( this is the so-called malaga), but in our country this way of drying is not very common.
Nuts and bolts