Diseases of the digestive system when the immune system is compromised

Acute diarrhea and malabsorption of occur in most children with impaired immune function. Diseases which are based on the primary failure of the immune system, have different clinical manifestations, but their common feature is a tendency to severe recurrent( with periodic exacerbations) bacterial, viral and( or) mycotic infections with chronic. Acquired immunodeficiency states in most cases represent hereditary defects of immunity.

In the human body, there are two systems of immunity: cellular and humoral. The first system is a specific cell directly involved in the immune response. The second system - humoral( lat humor -. «Liquid») - represented by antibodies( immunoglobulins) are proteins that any type of circulating in the blood and is also involved in immune reactions.

Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia ( decrease in the number of proteins ¡ globulin in the blood involved in immunity) - a group of immunodeficiency disorders, the development of which is associated with the violation of the B-lymphocytes are able to transform into cells that synthesize immunoglobulin( antibody involved in the immune response).In addition to recurrent or chronic microbial-inflammatory processes of lor organs, lungs, skin and other purulent processes, the main manifestations of this pathology are chronic digestive disorders. The syndrome of malabsorption is often due to lambliosis infection. In 30% of families of patients with general variable hypogammaglobulinemia, relatives have autoimmune diseases. The total content of

¡-globulins in blood is not reduced to extreme values, but still deviates significantly from the average age norm. The timing of the first manifestation of the disease varies considerably, although it often occurs in early childhood. The late forms of general variable hypogammaglobulinemia in adolescents and adults are not attributed to monogenic, but to multifactorial diseases. Disease with the same frequency is observed in boys and girls. This pathology is inherited by the autosomal recessive type. In primary agammaglobulinemia

( absence ¡ globulins in blood), transmitted on the X-sex-linked type, from 5-6 months of age in children having various disturbances intestinal functions: detect giardiasis, disaccharidase deficiency, intestinal dysbiosis. Deficiency of antibodies is found in 50% of patients with primary forms of immunodeficiency states, very often with general variable hypogammaglobulinemia. Deficiency of antibodies in older children is manifested, as a rule, by chronic pneumonia and malabsorption syndrome. There are several types of antibodies in the human body. Immunodeficiency states can develop with a lack of any type of antibodies, but in most cases in determining the content of the total amount of antibodies it remains within normal limits, and sometimes even slightly increased.

With , the cellular immune responses of are also deficient in the gastrointestinal tract. When

Di George syndrome revealed , that the mucous membrane of small intestine has swollen form with flattened villi, wherein the level of immunoglobulins( antibodies) normal. Patients may develop malabsorption and unexplained water diarrhea, they are predisposed to infection with bacteria, fungi, herpes simplex viruses and cytomegaloviruses. When

forms of severe combined immune deficiency develop chronic watery diarrhea and malabsorption, which first appear in children aged 3 to 6 months. Inflammation of the small intestine mucosa is altered or absent, which creates the impression of a "bald" gut in endoscopic examination.

With the Viscott-Aldrich Syndrome , initially the function of the immunity system remains normal, but deteriorates with age. Bloody diarrhea is a characteristic symptom in early childhood. Most children with this disease die by the end of the first decade of life from recurring infections, bleeding or malignant tumors.

Lymphocytic dysgenesis ( Nezelofa syndrome) is characterized by the absence or depression of the cellular immunity at a normal or slightly reduced content of immunoglobulins in the blood plasma. The disease occurs rarely, is inherited by autosomal recessive type, proceeds in conjunction with malabsorption, recurring infections and fungal lesions of various organs and systems.

Syndrome of "bare" lymphocytes .It is established that in most cases of this disease the parents of sick children are in a blood-born couple. This fact gives grounds for assuming an autosomal recessive type of inheritance that is linked to the sex of the inheritance type. The disease first appears at the age of 3-4 months of diarrhea, delayed growth and development, repeated respiratory infections, bronchitis. Gradually, the children's condition worsens, malabsorption syndrome develops, they add extremely poorly to the masses. Frequent pneumonia is noted, fungal diseases join. In the terminal stages of the development of the disease, the reverse development of the thymus gland occurs.

Defects of the humoral unit of the immunity system are attempted to be treated with the introduction of ¡-globulin or fresh-frozen plasma. The most effective and promising method of treatment of primary immunodeficiency states is currently recognized as an early bone marrow transplant.

Diseases of heavy chains are tumor diseases with extremely diverse clinical manifestations. The disease affects mainly children and young people of both sexes before the age of 30.There are two versions of it: abdominal( abdominal) and pulmonary( the latter form is very rare).The clinical picture of the abdominal form of the disease is characterized by a syndrome of malabsorption with chronic diarrhea, the appearance of undigested fat in the stool, exhaustion, swelling, a decrease in the amount of calcium in the blood, baldness, and the absence of menstruation in women. These symptoms are combined with episodes of fever and attacks of pain in the abdomen. When studying pieces of intestinal wall tissue taken during endoscopy, the changes characteristic of the disease are determined. Since the abdominal form of the disease is most often recorded in countries whose population suffers from frequent intestinal infections, helminthic invasions and unbalanced nutrition, the role of prolonged irritation with foreign proteins is suggested.