Brief information about plant organs

In , plants are divided into two large groups: lower and higher. Lower plants have a unicellular, multicellular and simple structure of the body, called the thallus. These plants have no vegetative organs: root, stem and leaves. To this group include bacteria, algae, fungi and lichens.

The body of higher plants is always multicellular with specialized groups of cells that form tissues. They have vegetative organs. Only mosses do not have roots, they are replaced by rhizoids - outgrowths of skin cells.

Higher plants are divided into:

a) archegonial - reproduce by spores( mosses, ferns, horsetails and plaunts);

b) gymnosperm - multiply by seeds, but the latter are formed from naked, unsealed and not surrounded from all sides by carpels of ovules;

c) angiosperms, or flowery - the ovules are located inside the ovary of the pistil, which is formed before fertilization from the fused carpels.

By the botanical descriptions of medicinal plants given below it is easy to imagine and find the necessary plant in nature, but for this it is necessary to have an idea of the structure of its root, stem, leaves, flowers, inflorescences and fruits.

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Roots strengthen plants in the soil and supply them with water and nutrients.

Some plants have a main root, which

ROOT

stands out among others as a rod, it leaves lateral first, second order, etc. Such roots are called rod-shaped and occur in gymnosperms( pine, spruce, etc.)as well as angiosperms in the class of dicotyledons.

Monocotyledonous plants do not have stem roots. The root system for them consists of a bundle( lobe) of roots of equal thickness. Such roots are called lobed, they also occur in dicotyledonous plants, for example in buttercup.

In some plants, especially with high humidity, the roots are formed on the stem and even on the leaves, they are called subordinate.

Complementary roots depart from the rhizome - a modified stem( in the lily of the valley, ayr, pilea, etc.).

If the roots take on other functions, they become unlike ordinary ones. Such roots, like other organs, are called modified, or metamorphosed. Modified roots of beets, carrots, radishes and others are called root crops. In such plants, in the first year of life, a root rosette of leaves is formed, and nutrients are stored in the roots, making them very thick. Due to these substances, the next year a stem with leaves, flowers, and then fruits, all nutrients are consumed, and the plant ceases to exist. Thus, root crops are biennial.

Tuberous roots with nutrient reserve

Root types:

a - rod;b - hummocky;c - additional roots on the corn stalk

Root types:

a - rod;b - hummocky;c - the accessory roots on the corn stalk

are found in some perennial plants( dahlias, aconite, etc.).

The main root grows vertically down. The horizontal arrangement of the underground organs of plants indicates their stem origin( rhizome).

The stem leaves the leaves to the light, nutrients move along it.

In section, the stems are rounded( chamomile, corn, etc.), hollow inside due to the destruction of the core( horse sorrel, buttercup).If the core is not formed, as in cereals( rye, wheat), the stalk is called a straw. The flattened stem of the calf, the triangular stem in the lily of the valley, the sedge, the tetrahedral one in the majority of the labialous plants, the ribbed in the valerian, the horsetail, etc.

The place of attachment of the leaf to the stem is called the knot, and the stems between the nodes are interstices.

The stems are upright if they are placed above the ground surface vertically;rising, or ascending, if they are horizontal below, and above - vertical( in bearberry, thyme, etc.);creeping ones( in a clavate-shaped planet, creeping buttercup, etc.);curly( in beans, bindweed, Chinese magnolia vine, etc.).Plants with frizzy stems are called lianas. They can be both herbaceous and woody. Clinging stems are attached to the support with antennas, like those of grapes.

Plants with a green grassy stalk, formed in spring and dying autumn, are called herbaceous. The exception is the evergreen herbaceous plants, in which the above-ground stem hibernates( clown-shaped, bonanus, etc.).Herbaceous plants are annual, biennial and perennial.

Trees are called plants with a woody thickness -

Stem in section:

a - rounded;b - round, inside hollow;c - straw;g. - flattened;q - triangular: e - tetrahedron;ж - ribbed

STEEL

Stem in section:

a - rounded;b - round, inside hollow;c - straw;g. - flattened;q - triangular: e - tetrahedron;ж - ribbed

with a stubble stem - the trunk from which branches( oak, linden, etc.) depart.

The bushes have no trunk. All the woody branches they have almost the same thickness( currant, buckthorn, viburnum, etc.).The same plant can have the appearance of a tree or shrub, such as bird cherry, alder, sea buckthorn.

In semishrubs below the woody, and above the grassy stem( thyme, rue, etc.).

Stems that perform other functions other than basic ones are modified, or metamorphosed. These are thorns, for example, in the laxative, buckthorn, etc., the anatomical structure testifies to their stem origin, and also the fact that they sometimes form leaves. The spines are difficult to separate from the stem, they can only be broken off. It is necessary to distinguish thorns from thorns, which are formations on the cortex and are therefore easily removed. There are thorns in rose hips, cultivated roses, raspberries, etc.

The rhizomes include rhizomes - underground shoots of propagation - vertical, horizontal and crossover. On the rhizome there are kidneys and leaves, developed or underdeveloped, in the form of scales, nodes in the form of scars, rings, rounded ridges, etc. The accessory roots extend from the rhizome.

Metamorphosed stems:

a - tuber;b - thin rhizome;c - thick rhizome;g. - bulb;d - onion in a section of

Metamorphosed stems:

a - tuber;b - thin rhizome;c - thick rhizome;g. - bulb;d - onion in a section of

Rhizomes are thick( male fern, marsh feather, serpentine, etc.) or thin, sometimes solo-mopodobnymi( wheatgrass).All plants that have rhizomes are perennial.

Tubers of stem origin are places of deposition of nutrients in several interstices of underground shoots( potatoes).The tuberous plants are perennial.

Bulbs consist of a shortened tuskonic stalk - the bottom, from which thick scales depart - modified leaves with a supply of nutrients and lobes of accessory roots. Between the scales there are kidneys, from which spring shoots( onions, lilies, etc.) are formed. Bulbous plants belong to the class of monocots. They are always perennial.

Antennae of grapes, strawberry mustache also of stem origin.

Plants with thick, juicy stalks, like cacti, or leaves, as in aloe, are called succulents( from the Latin word succus - juice).Such plants can for a long time do without water.

SHEET

A leaf is the organ of airborne plant nutrition. In the leaves there is respiration and transpiration( controlled evaporation of water).

The shape of the leaves is very diverse. In most plants, the leaf consists of the lower narrow part - the petiole and the upper, mostly flat, - leaf blade. Leaves that do not have petioles are called sedentary.

Two leaves at the base of the petiole are stipules( they have legumes, rosaceous flowers and some other plants).In buckwheat stipules grow together, forming a tubular tube, the so-called funnel, surrounding the stem above the node. In the umbellate and some other plants, the lower part of the petiole is enlarged and forms a leaf vagina.

Leaves with one plate integral or dissected are called simple, they are of different shapes.

Needle leaves are called pine needles( pine, spruce and other plants).Shorter, but broad needle

leaves, like juniper, are called styloid.

Long leaves with parallel edges, as in cereals, ara, are called linear.

Leaves, whose length is only 3-4 times the width, are called lanceolate, or lanceolate, as in many species of willow.

The middle position between the two occupy oblong leaves, the length of which is more than 3-4 times the width, but the edges are not parallel( sea buckthorn).

Rounded leaves of nasturtium, aspen.

Egg-shaped leaves have a pointed apex and a rounded base. Such leaves are lilac, nettle, dioecious.

If the petiole is attached to a narrow part of the leaf, the leaves are called obovate, for example in bearberry.

If there is a notch at the base of the ovoid leaf, this leaf is ovoid with a heart-shaped notch in

Simple whole leaves:

a - needle;b - subulate;in-line;g. - lanceolate;d - oblong;e - rounded;ж - ovoid;s - obovate;and - ovoid with a heart-shaped notch at the base;k - heart-shaped;l - kidney-shaped;m - elliptical;to-pointed elliptical;o - arrow-shaped;to - shoveled

Simple whole leaves:

a - one-piece, b - notched;in - serrate;city - city;d - notched, e - wavy;g - crenellated-toothed

Edge of the leaf:

of the base. And wide leaves of this type are called heart-shaped( linden).

Unlike heart-shaped, the kidney-shaped leaves have a dull top, like that of a European hoof.

Elliptical leaves are found in mullein, ficus.

If the apex and base of such a leaf are pointed, as in bird cherry, buckthorn alder, lily of the valley, the leaves are called pointed-elliptical.

Less common are swept leaves - in the case of the shooter and the spatula - the lower leaves of the nivian.

If the petiole is attached not to the edge of the leaf blade, but to the middle part of it, as in the nasturtium, leaves of any form are called thyroid.

The edge of the leaf can be as solid as a lily of the valley;dentate, if at the edge there are sharp teeth with equal sides, as in strawberry;serrate, if the sides are not equal, like the nettle, the bird-cherry;crenate, if the teeth are blunt - rounded, as in the mullein;vyemchatym, if on the edge there are notches, like the mother-and-stepmother;wavy, like a watch three-leaved.

These major species have derivatives. For example, the leaves are two-toothed on the edge of an elephant high;crenate-dentate - slices of a leaf of a male fern, etc.

All leaves with such an edge are called whole. With deeper incisions, the leaves are called with a dissected leaf plate. They are divided into two groups: palpate and pinnate. Females are called leaves, in which the length and width are approximately the same. Such leaves usually do not have a major vein. If the length exceeds the width, the leaves are called pinnate. They always have a major vein.

Femoral and feathery leaves in turn are divided into three groups.

1. Blade - cuts of the leaf blade reach 1 / 4-1 / 3 of its width. Such leaves can be palchatolopastnymi, as in the black currant, and peristoplastic, as in oak, whitened.

2. Separate - incisions are deeper, but do not reach the main vein or petiole. Such leaves can be palchator-like, as in the abdomen high, and pinnately divided, like a dandelion. In the dandelion

, sharp blades point obliquely downward. Such leaves are also called strigiform.

3. Dissected - the incisions are the deepest and reach the main vein or petiole. Such leaves can be palchatatorasechennymi, as in the buttercup, and pinnately-dissected, as in valerian, cyanosis.

According to the depth of incisions, the sections of the sheet between the latter are named blades, segments, segments.

With an odd number of segments, the leaves with the main vein are called non-panopistorated.

Segments of pinnate leaves can be with deep incisions of the first order - such leaves are called double-bifurcated( male fern, chamomile pharmacy), with incisions of the second order - tridimerotistorassechennymi or polysterodysteres -

Leaves with dissected lamina:

a - palchatostil;b - palchator; single;в - palchatatorassechenny;g. - odd-numbered;d - three-lobed;e - three-partitioned;g - three-speeded;h - pernistolastic;and - pinnately divided, Strugovna;to - many krasnoperisto dissected

Leaves with dissected lamina:

dissected( fennel, fennel, cumin).

When describing leaves with a dissected leaf plate, in addition to the shape, the outline is often indicated. For example, in cumin, the leaves are lanceolate in shape and three-peristopided in shape, with ovoid-obovate and peristopalike in shape with obtuse lobes.

If the leaf blade consists of several leaves, the leaves are called complex. The leaves are attached to the petiole or to the main vein with short petioles. At the place of their attachment, the mechanical tissue is poorly developed, and therefore in the autumn during leaf fall first separate leaves are scattered, and then petiole with the remaining leaves.

Leaves with three leaves, as in clover, are called triple leaves.

Complex leaves are also divided into fingered and pinnate.

Palatosyllabic leaves do not have a major vein, and leaves are attached to the petiole, as in horse chestnut, in pinnatils the leaves have a major vein. With an odd number of leaves, they are called

a - triple, b - palchatosyllabic;c - odd-numbered plural, g. - Pair-pergge-stoslozhy( parnoperisty);d-doubly-parieto-syllabic( doubly sparse-crooked)

a-triple, b-palchatosyllabic, c-paranasopyristosus, d-doubleropyristosus( double-paired duplexes with pyriform complexions, as in rowan, licorice, and even-paranasyllabicin the Karagans of the tree, which is popularly called the yellow acacia. If the leaflets are in turn complex, as in the Gledicia, the acacia of the Lencoran, they are called doubly-pinnate-pinnate. When describing complex leaves to shorten the name of a leaf of wordsThe "complex" is sometimes omitted, calling the leaves of licorice odd-pinned, and the gladichia - doubled-pinnate, etc.

The complex leaves are very similar to simple cuts, the difference is that simple pinnate leaves have, especially at the top, a rim - a narrow stripWhen a segment is broken off, the rim is torn, vascular fibrous bundles in the form of strands are often pulled from the lateral vein. When the leaves of a complex leaf are detached from the place of attachment, a rounded trace remains.

The venation in monocotyledonous plants can be parallel, as in corn, wheat and other cereals, arcuate, or arcuate, like that of a lily of the valley. Dicotyledonous plants are characterized by angular venation, when the veins branch, forming sharp or almost straight angles at the branching site. The angular venation can be palmate, like that of a maple;pinnate, like an oak;and mesh, if the veins, repeatedly branched, form a polygonal network, like that of medicinal sage, mullein, etc.

In such dicotyledonous plants as the plantain, the gentian yellow, the main veins are a few, they spread out;

;b - arcuate;в - fingered;g. - pinnate;d - mesh

Sheet web:

a - parallel;b - arcuate;в - fingered;g. - pinnate;d - mesh are arched in an arc-like manner, and lateral ones extend from them at an angle.

The leaf pattern is of three types: the next one, if each node of the shoot carries only one sheet, like birch, sunflower;opposite, if there are two leaves in the knot, as in the case of viburnum, elderberry;whorled, if on the stem node three or more leaves, like juniper, have madder.

Leaves that perform other functions are modified and become unlike ordinary ones. To such metamorphosed leaves are the spines of barberry, which, unlike spines of stem origin, are located at the nodes;the mustache of pea, with the help of which this plant clings to others. From the antennae of stem origin they differ in that they are on the leaf itself and are formed from the upper leaves.

FLOWER

A flower is a reproductive organ in angiosperms, formed from a shortened sporiferous shoot. After pollination and fertilization, it turns into fruits and seeds.

Peduncle - the continuation of the stem. At the base of the flower on the pedicel, some plants have leaflets called bracts. The upper extended part of the pedicel is called the flower-stand. All the other parts of the flower are attached to it: calyx, corolla, stamens and pistils.

The outer circle of green leaves( sometimes of a different color) forms a calyx, behind it to the center is a corolla, consisting of most plants of painted leaves. The calyx and corolla form the perianth. If the perianth is not present, the flowers are called bare as a willow, walnut.

Perianth, consisting of one circle of leaves, is called simple. A simple perianth is characteristic of monocotyledonous plants. In dicotyledons, with some exceptions, the perianth is double. It consists of a calyx and a corolla.

In the right perianth, all the leaves are the same and therefore several symmetry axes can be drawn through the flower, like in the lily, cherry, poppy, etc.

In the irregular perianth, the leaves of various

forms differ in size. Through a flower with such a perianth, you can draw only one axis of symmetry or you can not spend any one.

The calyx usually consists of one circle of leaflets, loose or fused. In the presence of a second circle of green small leaves, the calyx is called a double, and the outer circle of leaflets is called the subchamber. Subchasis occurs in plants of the family of rosaceous, malvaceous, etc.

The corolla in most plants consists of brightly colored leaves - petals. It can be daisy-chinned, as in bird cherry, dog-rose, althea, and rash-splashy, or spinal-lingual, as in labium, solanaceous, comorbital, etc. The corolla can be right and wrong.

The correct corolla can have a different shape: bell-shaped - at the lily of the valley, bell;funnel-prominent - in the bindweed;tubular - in sunflower;the wheel-like - in the mullein.

The wrong corolla can be bilabiate, when the upper and lower lips are well pronounced, as in the labiateous and many norichnikovyh plants;butterfly, when all the petals are free: the largest upper one is called a sail, or a flag, two petals on the sides - oars, or wings, and the two lower ones, fused at the top, - a boat. Such a corolla of leguminous plants - peas, licorice, sweet clover, etc..Many cornflower plants have a corolla of reeds. It is formed by five fused petals.

In wind-blown plants, the flowers are green, unattractive, do not have a fragrance and do not emit nectar.

In the insect-polluted plants bright color of the corolla, they produce nectar, which accumulates-

Correct okoris. Yu. Wrong perianth:

Correct okoris. Yu. Incorrect perianth:

and

sunflower:

a - simple, b - double

a - a separate wreath of violets;b - butterfly vsnchk legumes

and

camping in special glands - nectaries. They can be located at the base of the petals, on the peduncle, on the stamens and pistils. Sometimes the nectar accumulates inside the tubes closed at the end - the spur( there are nasturtiums, many orchid plants, the catchment, briskness, and others).

The perianth is a cover of a flower and protects the most delicate and important parts of it - stamens and pistils.

The stamen consists of a filamentous filament, by means of which it is attached to the colourant or corolla, and an anther containing pollen. The latter is divided into two halves, connected together by a communicator. The number of stamens can be different: from one to many. They can be free or fused with their bases, as in flax, or in threads, as in althea and other malvos, or by anthers, like in composite plants.

Pestle is a part of a flower that gives fruit. It is formed by fused edges of leaves, called carpels. Pestle consists of the lower widened part - the ovary, the middle narrowed - the column and the upper - stigma. If the column is not, like a poppy, the stigma is called sedentary.

A stigma can be simple if it is not dissected, like a primrose, barberry, cherry, and dismembered if it is divided into several parts. For example, the stellate radiant stigma in a poppy, bipartite - in all the Compositae.

Depending on the position of the ovary with respect to other parts of the flower, distinguish: the upper ovary, when the flower's parts are located under the ovary, like the cherry, the poppy, and the lower ovary, when the flower's parts are located above the ovary, like cucumber, comorbid plants. If you look at the flower from the side, the upper ovary is not visible, because it is hidden by its covers, the lower one is clearly visible under the perianth.

On the transverse section of the ovary there are cavities - nests with ovules, or semyatchatkami. According to the number of nests, the ovary can be single-caved, like a poppy seed, a primrose;bicarbonate, as in maple, maple;three-cavity, as in lily plants;four-nest, five-nest, multi-cavity. The number of seeds within the nests depends on the number of ovules in the nests.

Most plants have stamens and pistils in flowers. Such flowers are called bisexual( bird cherry, poppy, buckthorn alder).

If there are only stamens in the flower, it is called staminate, or male( oak, willow, laxative, cucumber), if only pistils, - pistillate, or female.

If one specimen has stamen and pistillate flowers( cucumber, alder, hazel), the plant is called monoecious, and if only stamens or pistillate flowers, they are called dioecious( nettle, dioecious, poplar, laxative, buckthorn).Plants with flowers without stamens and pistils are called asexual, or sterile( marginal flowers of cornflower blue, viburnum).

Large flowers in plants, as a rule, are located one by one, small ones are collected in inflorescences. Inflorescences have a major axis, which can be branched. Its terminal branches, pedicels, carry flowers. If the tops of the main axis of the inflorescence end with the kidney, why they can grow indefinitely, extending as the flowering blossoms, inflorescences are called vague, open, or unrestricted, like lily of the valley, plantain. Specific, closed, or limited, inflorescences

a-knst;b-bands;c - ear: ear: d-umbrella;e - head;ж - the basket;3 - panicle;and - a complex ear;k is a complex umbrella;l - curl

a - knst;b-bands;c - ear: ear: d-umbrella;e - head;ж - the basket;3 - panicle;and - a complex ear;k is a complex umbrella;l - curl

AND TO

Inflorescences( scheme):

is called the one whose main axis ends with a flower, like barberry, celandine.

The flower axis can be elongated or shortened. If from the elongated flower axis the stalks of an almost equal length extend, the inflorescence is called a brush( in bird cherry, wild rosemary).One-sided, or one-sided, a brush at the lily of the valley, foxglove purple. If the pedicels in the brush are of different length, why the flowers are almost on the same level, the inflorescences are called the scutellum( in hawthorn, Kalina, valerian).

If sessile flowers are located on the elongated flower axis, the inflorescence is called the ear( in psyllium).The earring differs from the ear by the fact that it is an inflorescence drooping and carries only same-sex flowers. After flowering or ripening of fruits, it falls off along with the axis of the inflorescence( in willow, poplar, birch).

The spade is a type of spike and differs from it by the sprouting axis( for marsh, corn).Bracty leaf at the base of the cob of ayr, calla is called a veil, or wing.

The umbrella is also a derivative of the brush, but has a shortened axis, from which the pedicels leave, like the primrose, celandine, onions.

The head is a modified umbrella, in which the flower axis grows, and the flowers are sessile or on very short pedicels, as in clover, thyme.

The basket is also a head, but this term is adopted for comtemporal plants. On the shortened and enlarged, flat or convex part of the flower axis, called the flower bud, sedentary flowers are located. They can be correct - tubular and irregular - reed. Some comorbid baskets have only tubular flowers, like tansy, chamomile fragrant, others - only reed, like dandelion, chicory, and the third - those and others, like those of sunflowers, chamomile pharmacy, arnica mountain.

Disclosure of flowers in some plants occurs from the periphery to the center - centripetally( as in a sunflower), in others - on the contrary - centrifugal( as in a field hound).

Leaflets at the base of the inflorescence form a wrapper

( found near an umbrella, head, complex umbrella, basket, etc.).

All these inflorescences are called simple inflorescences.

Complex are called those with the lateral axes bearing the pedicels from the main flower axis. Panicle is like a complex brush. The flower-bearing lateral branches at the base of the panicle branch more abundantly, and branching decreases toward the apex. Such an inflorescence in lilac, oats, hydrangeas. The complex ear has sessile flowers on the lateral axes( wheat, rye, barley, wheatgrass, etc.).A complex umbrella consists of lateral axes bearing umbrellas at the ends, which are commonly called umbrellas( cumin, anise, fennel, etc.).Some plants have a wrapper at the junction of the rays of a complex umbrella, and wrappings at the base of umbrellas are like carrots.

The curl consists of the flower axis, which ends with a flower, the lateral axis of the first order departs from it, which in turn also ends with a flower, and the lateral flower axis of the second order leaves, and so on. Such an inflorescence in the comfrey, nipper of the naked, etc.

Composite inflorescences are formed by simple ones. Thus, in the aralia of the Manchu mongrel is formed by umbrellas, in the yarrow and tansy, the baskets are collected in the scutellum, the wormwood in the bitter - in the panicle, and in the forest waxy - in the ear, etc.

FRUIT

After pollination and fertilization, the ovary of the pistil grows and formsfetus. The walls of the ovary turn into pericarp, the ovules - into seeds, and the peduncle becomes a peduncle.

According to the nature of the pericarp, the fruits are divided into dry and juicy.

Dry fruits can be single-seeded and many-seeded.

Seed is a single-seeded single-seeded fruit that has a skiny pericarp that does not fuse with the seed. Such fruits are in sunflower and chamomile. If there are hairs on the top of the fetus, it is called a seed with a tuft, like a mother-and-stepmother, a dandelion. Valerian has a seed with a pinnate tuft.

The walnut has a hard woody pericarp,

inside which is a seed, like a hazel( hazelnut).Small fruits of such a structure are called nuts, as in a lime tree. Winged nuts in horse sorrel, Richter's saltchip, etc.

The acorn has an elongated shape and is located on the bottom of a woody pluss which is formed from an overgrown perianth. Such fruit is oak.

In the grains, the membranous pericarp fuses with the seed. Such fruits in cereals: wheat, corn, barley and others. In everyday life grains of cereals are called seeds, because the pericarp is very thin and similar to the seed coat, but from a botanical point of view it is fruits.

Capsule is a multi-seeded dry fruit with a different number of nests. These fruits are opened in different ways: in bleached - with a lid;in St. John's wort, three-colored violet - with three leaves;in primrose - denticles.

Bob is a single-cavity multi-seed fetus, formed by one carpel, the edges of which grow together. It opens with two valves from top to bottom along the seam of the fusion and the main vein. Such a fruit is characteristic for all leguminous plants - peas, beans, licorice, sweet clover, etc.

The leaflet has a structure similar to that of Bob, but opens at the seam of the fusion.

Pod is a two-cavity multi-seed fetus formed by two carpels. It is revealed by two flaps from the bottom up, which fall, and inter-

Dry fruits:

and - seed;b - seed with a tuft;c - grain;g. - nutlets;d - nut;e - extra-fetal;ж - bean;e is a pod;and - a little pincushion;k - box, opening with denticles;l - a capsule opening with a lid, m - a box with pores on the

top of the

Dry fruits:

a - seed;b - seed with a tuft;c - grain;g. - nutlets;d - nut;e - extra-fetal;ж - bean;e is a pod;and - a little pincushion;k - box, opening with denticles;l - a box opening with a lid, m - a box with pores on the

top of the

, there is a non-falling partition, on both sides of which the seeds are located. Such fruits have many cruciferous plants, for example, cabbage, mustard, icteric and others.

Short, but wide fruits of such a structure are called pods( shepherd's bag).

Fractional dry fruits are formed from a pistil with several nests. Thus, in all umbelliferous plants, fruits fall into two half-fruits or remain whole, surrounded by a pericarp. They are called the "hornbills".In the labial plants, the fruit, formed from the pestle alone, breaks up into four nutlets.

In such malvovyh plants as the marshmallow medicinal, the fruit has the form of a circle, which ripens in maturation into many achenes. It is called kalachikom.

Juicy fruits can also be monogamous and myogosemic.

Kostyanka has a pericarp, which consists of three parts: skin, flesh and bones. Inside the stone is the seed. Such fruit is from plum, cherry, bird cherry. There are bone spines with several ossicles: in the buckthorn alder, they are mostly two, the laxative larva has four, and the bearberry has five.

The pericarp of the berry consists of the skin and pulp, inside which are the seeds. Such fruits in blueberries, grapes, tomatoes, etc.

Prefabricated, or complex, fruits are formed from a flower with several pestles. They can be dry and juicy. Thus, in the spring of the spring fetus is a picking nut, the belly of the high( delphinium) has a three-leaf leaf, the lapchatka has a seed seed, while the raspberries and blackberries have a prefabricated drupe.

All these fruits are called real, or true. If in the formation of fruits other than

Juicy fruits:

a - drupe;b - composite( complex) drupe;in - berry;g. - false fruit

Juicy fruit:

a - drupe;b - composite( complex) drupe;in - berry;The false fruit

of the ovary also participates in other parts of the flower, for example, the flower-seed, they are called false. False fruits in strawberries are formed by a juicy conical flower head, which is edible, and on the surface of it there are fruits - achenes. In dogrose - a false fruit, the walls of which are formed by an overgrown floriculture, and inside it are fruit-nuts.

Thus, the common names of fruits often do not coincide with botanical terms. Usually they say: "berries of strawberries, raspberries, bird cherries", etc., while these are prefabricated false fruits, prefabricated bone and stems.

Brief information about plant organs

Brief information about plant organs

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