Gladiolus

Description and varieties. Gladiolus - hybrid plaque - a perennial herbaceous tuberel-graft monocotyledon from the family of iris. In floriculture gladioli occupy one of the leading places and are appreciated for their high decorative qualities, a huge variety of shapes and colors, the duration of flowering, good safety in cutting and unlimited possibilities in arrangement. In Latin, the name of this flower means "sword", "sword".By this name, the gladiolus owes its long narrow xiphid leaves. The unusual shape of the leaves gave the gladiolus also the second name - the shader Rod gladiolus has about 250 species. In nature, half of them grow in the Kanskaya province of South Africa, and the rest - in Europe and Asia. In Europe, gladioli began to grow around the end of the XVI century, and intensively conducted since the XIX century breeding work gave the world many excellent varieties of gladiolus.

There are historical evidences that in the Middle Ages gladiolus bulbs were worn on the chest under the clothes of soldiers. It was believed that they save from the arrows and swords of the enemy.

Gladiolus reproduce vegetatively - babies, which are essentially ctenophores and are formed in the bottom of the corms on short shoots. Gladiolus corms are a kind of organ of vegetative renewal, combining the signs of a tuber( stem origin) and bulbs( shape and presence of dry scales).The shape of the corms is rep-rounded, more rounded in young plants and flatter in older plants, from white to black and cherry. As a rule, varieties with light flowers have lighter corms, but there is no direct correlation between the color of the corms and flowers. The size of the corms depends on the age, growing conditions and the variety. The size of corms significantly affects the speed of

/. Young corms.

2. Maternal dying corms.

3. Root system of the mother corms.

4. Children( tubers).

5. Escape the babies( tubers).

6. Root system of replacement corm.

During the growing season, the gladiolus corms die, and instead of it a young replacement corms are formed. Babies are formed near the onion of the bulb, growing from it on short shoots, and are essentially tuber bulbs

. Gladiolus corms, depending on their age, vary in size -.Parameters of bulb size are its diameter and height. Old large bulbs generally have a larger number of renal buds.

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Type of placement of flowers in the inflorescence of

1. Single row, the flowers are arranged on a peduncle in one row and directed in one direction.

2. Double row, the flowers are arranged on a peduncle in two rows symmetrically and directed in one direction.

3. The next, the flowers are located on the peduncle

in staggered order and directed in one direction.

4. Double-sided, the flowers are located on the peduncle in staggered order and slightly unfolded relative to the peduncle.

5. Spiral-shaped, the flowers are located on the peduncle in staggered order and are oriented in different directions

growth and development of the plant: grown from a large corms blooms earlier, forms a higher shoot, a larger inflorescence and flowers than from a shallow one. Gladiolus corms are divided into 3 parts:

I analysis - the diameter of the corms is not less than 3.2-3.5 cm, the height of the corms is at least 2/3 of its diameter.

II analysis - the diameter of the corms is 3.2-2.5 cm, the height of the corms is at least 2/3 of its diameter.

III analysis - the diameter of the corms is 2.5-1.5 cm. The best quality plants with strong beautiful inflorescences are obtained from the planting material of high bulbs of I and II dissections. Gladiolus corms globally die off each year, and instead of it a new, replacing, corm-bulb is formed, in the bottom of which the babies are formed. On the corms there are buds of renewal,

forming at the base of the shoot( apical) and in the sinuses of the tuberous leaves( lateral).

The root system of gladiolus is two-tiered. The first tier is the root system of the maternal corm, consisting of numerous thin branching roots, extending in depth by 25-40 cm. These are the suction roots that perform the function of feeding the plant. The second tier forms the root system of the replacement corm. By the end of the growing season, the mother's corms, having spent their supplies of nutrients, are dying out, by this time a new replacement corms with buds of renewal have time to form over it. Thus, the life of the gladiolus is maintained as a perennial plant.

In gladiolus 7-12 of the present linear-lanceolate or linear-xiphoid leaves. Vla-

Gladiolus flower forms

Gladiolus flowers have a different structure, depending on the location of the perianth stems, the direct form is distinguished - the reverse and the reverse - gandavenzis

leaves are closely joined around the stalk, giving it additional strength. Inflorescence - an ear with a length of 30 to 80 cm and more, an average of 15-20 flowers. Arrangement of flowers in the inflorescence of modern varieties - regular, single row or double row. Inflorescences can be:

l dense( petals of neighboring flowers partially overlap one another);.; ;;.medium-dense( the petals of neighboring flowers touch each other);

is loose( there is a distance between the petals of neighboring flowers).

Flower with a simple funnel-shaped perianth of 6 lobes arranged in 2 circles and fused at the base into a narrow tube. Depending on the relative position of the perianth stakes, two flower shapes are distinguished: straight ( edel) and reverse ( gundavenzis).Shares of perianth of different varieties differ in color, smooth, wavy or corrugated edges, folded or flat surface, varying degrees of density.

The classification of gladiolus is based on such features as size flower, coloring flower and flowering time. For brevity descriptions of each variety of gladioli, a digital scale is introduced, which is a kind of digital cipher of three digits. The first digit of denotes the size of the flower, the second and third digits - the color of the flower. Size of the flower

The size of the flower gladiolus is divided into 3 main groups: small-flowered, large-flowering and giant. The group of small-flowered gladiolus has a subgroup of miniature, the group of large-flowered gladiolus has a subgroup of medium-large ones. Subgroups have their own cipher and reflect the nuances of classification.

Group Flower size, mm Code

Miniature Less than 65 100

Smallflower 65-90 200

Medium-sized 90-115 300

Large-flowered 115-140 400

Giant 140-165 500

Coloring of the flower. There is a digital scale for describing the color of a flower. Coloring is indicated by two digits from 0 to 98, which are the last digits in the three-digit variety description cipher. Coloring includes all the main colors of the spectrum, as well as smoky and brown colors. The digital scale for coloring is divided into 10 classes, each of which starts with a new ten. The color of flowers within each class differs in intensity. If the last of the two digits of the color coding is even, means that the color is monophonic, if the is an odd , the color of the flower has a spot, spots, hatching, a border on the edge of the petal.

At the last odd digit in the variety cipher, the color is determined by a number one less than the one listed in the cipher.

Color scale

00 - white 56 - dark red 02 - light green 58 - black and red 04 - green 60 - pale crimson 10 - pale yellow and pink cream 62 - light crimson 12 - light yellowpink 14 - yellow 64 - crimson 16 - dark yellow 66 - dark crimson 20 - pale orange 68 - black and crimson 22 - light orange 70 - pale pink si-24 - eared ray 26 -orange 72 - light pink-si-30 - pale salmon reno 32 - light salmon 74 - lilac 34 - salmon 76 - dark lilac 36 - dark salmon78 - purple 40 - pale salmon 80 - light bluish pink lilac 42 - light salmon 84 - purple pink 86 - dark purple 46 - dark salmon 90 - chestnut pink 92 - light smoky 50 - pale red94 - smoky 52 - light red 96 - dark smoky 54 - red 98 - brown

After three digits of the code number of the grade, a two-digit number is assigned, indicating the year of graduation. An addition to the system of ciphers is the classification of varieties of gladioli in terms of flowering. According to the flowering period of is distinguished by 6 main groups of gladioli: very early flowering, early, medium, medium, late and late. Abbreviations of two letters, corresponding to each of the groups, are put after a three-digit number.

Timeline Abbreviated Number of days from

flowering designation of planting to

flowering

Very early OR up to 70

Early P 70-74

Medium-range SR 75-79

Medium C 80-84

Late P Over 90

Tits are perennial with smooth, smooth, wavy, corrugated, folded and cut edges. This type of inflorescence is called orchid.

There are designations for the degree of corrugation of the flower: D - corrugated;SG - stronglyphrified;SSG - super-corrugated.

According to the height of plants, varieties are classified into 4 groups: very high - above 150 cm, high - 120-150, medium - 100-120, low - 70-100 cm. The number of flowers in the inflorescence is of great importance. The highly deciduous varieties have 18-20 buds, of which 5-7 and even 8-10 are simultaneously open.

Along with the gorgeous giants, miniature gladioli with small flowers are very popular. Small flowers are good not only in cutting, but also in the design of small rock gardens or for other flower compositions. White: Angel ( 201-70-C).Yellow: Mini Mine ( 217-79-C).Salmonid: Sauz Siz ( 237-83-SR).Pink: Flora Bel ( 245-75-P).Raspberry: Fanny Feiss ( 265-82-SR).Blue: Blue Bird ( 285-68-P).Red: Christy ( 256-81-OP).

So that after the excavation it was easy to sort the gladioli by color, it is not necessary to make numerous tags. You can label the plants differently: during the flowering of the gladiolus, cut one sheet in a conventional way, giving it a certain profile, corresponding to one or another color.

Below are examples of marking profiles that anyone can choose for themselves, change, supplement and invent.

When evaluating the decorativeness of a variety, placing flowers on the peduncle is very important. There are 3 types of arrangement of colors: in 1 row, in 2 rows with different orientation of the flowers relative to the stem and spirally.

Grades

White: White Frosting ( 500-64-P), Mowing Bride ( 400-73-SP), Olympus ( 500-73-C), Madonna ( 400-76-C), Silver Derding ( 400-75-C), Find-Gail ( 500-76-PS), Braides Boclet ( 500-78-PS), Apollo ( 500-83-SP), Polar Bear( 500-80-C), Davinity ( 500-85-C), Lebeduer ( 500-80-C), Co-rovine ( 500-83-C), Swan flock of the -86-CP).

Yellow: Munshine ( 510-70-PS), Landmax ( 510-60-C), Mr. Klin ( 510-77-PS), Ice Gold ( 413-75-CP), San Rei ( 414-77-C), Gorden Belz ( 516-82-SP), Selenium ( 5YU-75-C), Vicky Creek ( 410-84-Q.

Salmonids: Pair( 534-70-C), Conquest ( 536-73-C), Specked ( 542-76-PS), Europe( 544-7 5-C), GaVayen Sunset ( 536-75-SR), Mana Riga ( 533-77-SP), Solar Serenade ( 532-86-C)

Orange: Donna Maria ( 420-79-Q, Amber Baltic ( 523-85-СР), Saxophone sounds ( 521-84-SP).

Pink: Pink Lady ( 447-87-C), Russian Beauty ( 543-88-C) Malika ( 545-84-C), Contessa ( 443-85-C), Berute Dine ( 546-88-C), Erection ( 447-82-SP), Western (542-77-SP).

Red: Scarlett ( 454-75-C), Life Flame ( 456-52-OP), Red Bed ( 455-78-PS), Rigoletto ( 456-80-P), Jangle Flower ( 556-86-C), Drama ( 453-86-C), Southern night ( 558-82-Q.

Raspberry: Amethyst ( 562-89-SG), Nastasya (562-79-С), Rose Spayer ( 464-57-РС), Innosens ( 460-56-РС), GreyshezLedi ( 460-71-СР), Priscilla ( 465-77- ( 560-88-C), Evord ( 463-85-C).

Purple and lilac: Purified F( 472-76-РС), Lavender ( 473-77-ОР), Китизе ( 472-83-С), Lilac moire ( 575-86-С), Fairy-tale vision of the -84-С), Laylek Festival ( 475-84-СР).

Blue: Blue Heaven , Modra Software ( 582-81-SR), Powder Blue ( 481-85-C), Twilight Dream ( 483-84-C).

Purple or purple: Plam Tart ( 478-76-P), Knight Oul ( 478-78-P), Evening Kiev ( 486-76-C), Knight and Day ( 487-79-AS) Sapphire Mystery ( 485-70-C), Prince Indigo ( 479-79-SP), Fairy Night ( 578-88-SR), Picasso ( 478-82-P).

Brown and smoky: Pocahontas ( 493-79-C), ( 592-81-C), Fudge ( 498-86-C), Rudenis Dayna ( 497-85-C), Viva ( 396-82-C).

Green: Emerald Ripple ( 404-78-SR), Green Pass ( 504-75-SP), Astrea ( 503-89-C), Greenberst ( 404-85-SP).

Breeding, growing and care. The main way of reproduction of gladiolus is reproduction of tubers( babies).Plants grown from tubers, are resistant to disease, plastic, adapt well to new conditions.

To obtain large corms from babies in a single season, various methods of its preseeding preparation are used. To accelerate the germination of babies it is recommended:

soak in warm water( temperature about 30 ° C) per day and the subsequent germination within 1-2 days;- aging in a moist substrate( sand, peat, sawdust) at a temperature of 10-12 ° C 2-3 weeks before sizing;cleaning from a hard shell;- cracking of a hard shell( scarification).

The existing methods of vegetative reproduction of gladioli are based on the property of sleeping kidneys to grow in growth with growth disorders of apical buds. One of these methods, considered the most productive, is the division of the corms. Corms of I and II are divided into as many parts as there are kidney replacement. Each kidney, except the kidney, must have a part of the bottom with root tubercles. To prevent the spread of possible infections, the knife that cuts the planting material is disinfected after each corm. Slices are sprinkled with pounded charcoal or covered with greenery. Planted delenki not earlier than a day, at the same depth and with the same area of ​​nutrition, as the corms corresponding to their size. When dividing large club

Division of corms of gladiolus

If there is a shortage of planting material, if necessary multiply a valuable variety, it is possible to divide a large corms and grow gladioli from the parts of a bulb, each of which must have a bud of renewal.

of non-piglets. In 2 parts, full-fledged plants are formed blooming simultaneouslywith gladioli from a non-planting seed material, giving a large replacement corms and more than non-deferred number of children When dividing into morethe number of parts develop plants similar to those grown from large babes or corms of III parsing.

Another productive way of vegetative propagation is break-out of the apical bud. Developing in this case, the lateral sleeping buds form shoots of different thickness and corms of II-III parsing.

It is very important to choose a place for growing gladioli: on this depends not only the flowering, but also the quality of the replacement corm. Good flowering can be obtained only in open solar areas with a sufficiently moisture-intensive fertile soil, the landing site should be protected from prevailing winds in order to avoid curving of peduncles.

The site should be open from the south, east and west, so that the sun illuminates it all day, and from the north there must be protection in the form of buildings. Near the trees and shrubs gladioli is not recommended for cultivation: in this neighborhood these hygrophilous flowers will lack moisture. Gladiolus grow well on any cultivated soil, but best of all - on a light sandy loam seasoned with humus, sufficiently moisturized, slightly acidic with a pH of 6-6.5.Sand is added to clay soils, peat to sandy soils, and acidic soils are necessarily limed. The soil for gladioli is better to cook in the autumn, digging the site no less than on the bayonet of the shovel. When preparing for planting, acid soils are limed, bringing the pH to 5.5-6.5.Under the basic excavation make up to 6-8 kg of compost or humus per 1 m2.Fresh manure does not contribute to gladioli, as this leads to the development of fungal diseases in the plant, and the bulbs are poorly stored in winter. On average, 25-30 g of superphosphate and 20-30 g of potassium fertilizers per 1 m2 are introduced in well-cultivated medium-loamy soils in autumn. In the spring, urea and potassium sulphate( 25-30 g / m2) are added. You can make and wood ash in a dose of 40-50 g / m2.The depth of the autumn tillage of the soil is 40-50 cm, the spring - 10 cm less.

The highest content of nitrogen in the soil is necessary for gladioli in the first period of their development.

The landing site is changed annually. The former place of gladioli should not return to

before 4-5 years later. They are grown in kuliyurooborota with cucumbers, onions, garlic and strawberries.

Aging of the gladiolus

Aging of gladioli is expressed in decreasing the size of subsequent generations of corms, the number of contractile roots, and as a result, first in weakening, then completely stopping the retraction of the corms into the soil, in a progressive decrease in the number of flowers, in cut quality, and then in complete loss of flowering ability. Aging, corms form fewer tubercles, they have lower germination, of which we develop weaker plants. In practice it is recommended to use corms not older than 4-5 years of age.

3-4 weeks before planting, corms are freed from scales and old roots, and then inspected. Having found out at inspection dark maculae, cut out them to a healthy tissue and grease wounds zelenok.

Immediately before planting corms are soaked first in a solution of chlorophos( 20 grams per 10 liters of water), then in manganese( 1 g per 10 liters of water), the duration of each operation is 20-30 minutes.

To plant corms gladiolus proceed as soon as the soil at a depth of 10 cm warms up to 8-10 ° C, in the middle band such conditions usually occur in late April - early May. At a delay with landing the conditions of rooting and, as consequence, further development worsen. Corms are planted in rows. The distance between bulbs should be 10-15 cm for early varieties, 20-25 cm for medium and late, forming larger plants. On 1 m2 depending on the size of corms and varieties planted from 30 to 70 bulbs. The depth of planting is from 4-5 to 13-15 cm, depending on the size of the corms and the texture of the soil. On the same site, large corms are planted 2-3 cm deeper than the middle ones, and 4-5 cm deeper than small ones. With a deeper planting, flowering occurs a few days later, a larger corms are formed, but a smaller number of children. In colder summer, when the embankment is buried, the damage to corms is increased by fungal and bacterial diseases. The best way is to drop to a depth of 4-7 cm, followed by hilling and bringing the depth of the corms to the required depth. Planting corms in a layer of sand 4-5 cm thick, on

deposited on the bottom of the landing furrow, reduces the likelihood of their disease and facilitates digging.

Gladiolus are demanding for soil moisture and are especially sensitive to its shortage during the formation of the inflorescence and the second tier of roots, that is, during the 3-5th leaf phase and during the budding period. Lack of moisture during these periods leads to deformation of the inflorescence, weak development of the root system, replacing the corms, leading to a weakening of further development. Watering gladioli, given the depth of occurrence of their root system, should be abundant( 10-15 l / m2).After each watering, heavy rain, and also in droughty weather, if irrigation is not possible, loosen the soil to a depth of 4-5 cm, combining it with weeding and hilling.

It is recommended to give mineral fertilizers in liquid form or under watering.

Gladiolus dressings in different periods of plant development are carried out according to the following scheme.

Time Fertilizer Feed holding and the amount of 1 Phase Urea, 15-20 g regrowth of 1st sheet per 10 liters of water 2 Phase 3- Potassium nitrate, 4th sheet 25-30 g;magnesium sulphate, 5 g per 10 l of water 3 Period Phosphoric potassium budding complex, 30-40 g / m2 It is impossible to apply nitrogen fertilizers after the beginning of flowering of gladioli, as its excess provokes the development of fusarium plants. Do not apply excessive doses of nitrogen throughout the development of the plant, since corms that have received excess nitrogen nutrition, despite the large size and weight compared to the corms grown with proper top dressing, will grow old and have worse storage quality and worse germination. Depending on the variety and weather conditions, the blooming of gladiolus can last for 2-3 weeks. And left to bloom in the ground, and cut off and standing in the water gladiolus bloom all the flowers - from the bottom to the top. To keep flowers longer attractive appearance, it is necessary to periodically pick off fading flowers. Inflorescences of gladiolus are better to cut early in the morning or late in the evening in the phase of the beginning of flowering, when 2-3 flowers completely opened. The flowers stand in the water for a long time before the last bud. To ensure the maturing of the replacement corms while cutting inflorescences on the plant, leave at least 4-5 leaves. Irrigation after flowering gradually stop, as dry soil will promote ripening of corms. Excavation and storage of corms. Gladiolus of early and middle varieties are excavated 2-3, later - after 3 weeks after flowering, usually from the end of September to the middle of October. If the cut of the inflorescences leaves no more than 5 leaves on the shoot, then the corms grow ripe Digging and storing the gladiolus cassava 1. Corms are excavated manually, after excavating the stem is cut with a secateter no more than 1 cm above the bulb, the old maternal corms, roots are removedand the uppermost contaminated scales. 2. Corms are stored in wooden boxes, they can be poured into several pieces in paper bags, and stored at a temperature of no higher than 5-10 ° C. for a longer period and the plants dig up for 10-15 days later. When delayed with digging, the probability of damage to corms is increased by fungal infections. Gladiolus corms are usually excavated manually, while the stem is broken off or cut immediately after excavation no more than 1 cm above the corms to prevent infection of healthy corms by diseases and pests. With well-ripe corms, you can immediately remove the old maternal corms, it just breaks off from the newly excavated plants. They also clean the corms, in which roots and dirty bulbous scales are removed, while rejecting diseased plants, which should be thrown out immediately in order to prevent the spread of diseases. Corms are treated with fungicides and for 30-60 minutes pickled in a solution of potassium permanganate. After this, the bulbs are dried indoors for 3 weeks. After drying, remove the mother's corms along with the roots. In properly dried corms, it is removed easily and without damage, the surface of the fracture turns out to be even. Store corms, not cleansing of the scales that protect them from drying out. Since most diseases appear on corms primarily in the region of the bottom, it is possible to remove only the lower covering scales, covering it, in order to improve ventilation. Store corms should be at a temperature of 5-10 ° C and a humidity of 70% with the mandatory change of air. You can not also allow the corms to damp, otherwise they will quickly move into growth. During the storage period, corms should be inspected regularly. Diseases and pests. Gladiolus are affected by fungal diseases - fusariosis, sclerotinia( or dry rot), septoriosis( or hard rot), botrytis( or brown core rot), penicillis rot, rust, bacterial diseases - scab and root cancer, viral. The most dangerous pests are the gladiolus tripe and the root bulbous mite.