Clematis, or clematis
Description and varieties. There is an opinion that of all climbing plants the most decorative are the clematis .Even if such an estimate is somewhat exaggerated, clematis are still magnificent objects of vertical gardening. These are perennial grassy vines with rustic stems and flexible dying off for the winter or wintering shoots.
The height to which clematis rises rarely exceeds 5 m. It is just that their numerous thin shoots grow, grow and fructify in summer. The shrub forms of clematis do not exceed 1.5 m in height. Clematis climb up on their supports in an original way, clinging to them with leaf petioles. In nature these lianas usually grow among shrubs, so in this form of stem retention there is nothing special. By the way, the Latin name of the plant is translated as "merciful".So these lianas were named because they do not throttle the restorative plants, as do other curly species.
Clematis is an ornamental plant, distinguished by its original, catchy beauty, besides it is abundant and long blooming. It grows rapidly, forms thin, flexible shoots, covered with delicate leaves. Blossoms abundantly, brightly, covering with large elegant white, yellow, pink, raspberry, cherry red, bluish, purple and almost black flowers, often reaching a diameter of 20 cm.
Until recently, it was believed that they can grow only in the southern regions of the country,but now this culture is grown in Siberia, and in the Far East, and even far to the north. Depending on the size of the flower clematis are divided into 2 main groups: clematis small-flowered with flower size from 2 to 5 cm and large-flowered with flower size up to 20 cm. Small-flowered clematis species are less known and widespread in floriculture, although they are also very decorativeat the same time very unpretentious, more winter-hardy and drought-resistant than large-flowered. This group includes a number of outstanding species of its kind. Clematis Tungut comes from Central Asia, China and Mongolia. Liana up to 3 m high. The flowers are golden. It is winter-resistant and drought-resistant.
Clematis alpine comes from Central and Southern Europe. Liana up to 3 m high. Flowers are blue or purple. Clematis Virginia - comes from North America. Liana up to 6 m high. The flowers are white, collected in inflorescences.
Clematis lime-leaved - countryman of Virginia. The liana is very tall. Flowers white, dioecious. The species is especially winter-hardy and drought-resistant.
Clematis purple comes from Southern Europe and Transcaucasia. Liana up to 4 m high. The flowers are lilac-violet. Clematis Chinese arrived in Europe from China and Indochina. Liana up to 5 m high. The flowers are white, small, very fragrant. To large-flowered clematis there are 8 varietal groups, each of which unites many varieties. A total of several thousand varieties of clematis are known. The first 4 varietal groups are represented by species and varieties of clematis, forming flowers on the shoots of the current year, plants of the 5th and 8th groups are blooming on the wintering shoots of the previous year. This difference is of great importance when caring for plants./. Clematis Jakmana is rightly considered unsurpassed among the rest, has several dozen varieties bred by the breeder himself, and numerous selection forms obtained from the crossing of the Klema-Yew Jacquem with species and varieties of other groups. The flowers are very large, up to 15 cm in diameter, and numerous. They cover the lifting wall with a solid carpet practically throughout the summer. The color of these flowers is very diverse: white, pink, red, but mostly blue-violet. Blooms abundantly from June to autumn.
The famous unsurpassed beauties of Jacquemna got their name by the name of the famous English florist and breeder G. Jacquman, who in 1860 brought out his first large-flowered clematis hybrid to the public. Success surpassed all expectations, and it was from this moment that the clematis began, which appeared in the gardens of Europe as far back as the 16th century, but never attracted attention. Clematis Jacquman became incredibly popular, and after 30 years as a result of crosses with clematis purple, flowery, spreading, woolly and Jacqueman, about 190 large-flowered forms and varieties were obtained, many of which are cultivated today, a century later.
2. Clematis Intergripholia ( whole-leaved) has occurred from crossing clematis
all-leaved and woolly with other species and varieties. Blossoms from June to September.
3. Clematis Biticella ( violet) is obtained by crossing clematis violet with large-flowered species and varieties. Usually it is wooden lianas, reaching a height of 3 m. Blossom from June to frost.
4. Clematis Heraclenophalia ( borshchevikoli-stnyi) is derived by crossing clematis-owls borshchevikolistnogo, tubular and direct with other species and varieties. It blooms in August and blooms until October.
5- Clematis Langunose ( woolly) is obtained from the crossing of woolly Clematis with varieties of other garden groups and species that have the ability to blossom abundantly on the wintering shoots of the previous year from the beginning of June and again in August-September. 6. Clematis Taxensis ( Texan) was derived from the crossing of clematis of Texas, forest, brown and curly with other species. Lianas up to 3 m high. Flowers are formed on the shoots of the past and current years. Flowering plants from June to September. 7- Clematis Florida ( flowering) originated from one of the clematis species that grow in Japan. Blossoms in June-July. 8. Clematis Patens ( sprawling) leads its genus from clematis, first discovered in Japan and imported to Europe in 1836.Blossoms from July to September. Less cold-blooded than other clematis with hibernating shoots.
All sorts of color combinations of clematis look spectacular, from which you can make delightful compositions:
Jacmani ( blue) - Nelli Moser ( two-color);
Gypsy Queen ( purple) - Lavsonian ( blue);
DeBusho Container ( Pink) - Jeanne d'Arc ( white);
Cosmic melody ( red-cherry-purple) - Marie Boissello ( white);
" Lazurshtern ( purple) -. Ramon ( blue)
Previously, all in June blossom unpretentious melkotsvetkovye kinds - clematis straight, clematis integrifolia, later clematis burning and clematis tungutsky, whichfruits are collected in globular heads, clematis violet Small-flowered cultivars of the clematis violet group - with flowers of purple, violet-blue, bright crimson, pink and other colors, blossoms from late June toAugust 2009. More resistant than the clematis of the Jacquman group
In the end of July to the beginning of August, large-flowering forms( clematis Jacqueman) occur, the peak of which falls in August-September.
Large-flowered hybrids of the Clematis group of Jacquemans with flowers from white to dark-Violet color with a diameter of 15-18 cm. Blossom strongly from the end of June until frost.
Clematis perfectly suited for trellises, arbors, retaining walls, pergolas and other forms of vertical gardening. Clematis are used in plantings between dwarf shrubs, among phloxes, peonies, next to shrubs blooming in the first half of summer. Best of all, these plants look like a lawn, planted singly or in groups. They can decorate the walls of houses, arbors, create arches and walls from them.
Grades
White
Madame van Gutt, Warsaw, Polaris, Jeanne d'Arc, Jacquemni Alba, Marie Boissello, Ballerina, Jadwiga Valensis, Madame André, Chaika, Hildin.
Blue
Ramona, Lavsonian, Mrs. Cholmondeli, BE.Glad Stone, Claudia Shulzhenko.
Blue
Jacquemani, President, Caterina, Countess Bo-ball, Turquoise, hybrids clematis Jacqueman, Christian Steven, Sea spray ( blue and white with a lilac shade).
Blue with a purple shade
Triumph, Souvenir, Mascot, Satellite, Stone flower ( with a purple stripe on the center), Riddle, Memory of the heart.
Purple and purple
Lazurstern, Forest opera, Gypsy Quinn, Huldin ( with a dark strip), Ideal, Luther Burbank, Fantasia, André Leroy ( with marble strip in the center), Elegia, Victoria, Serenade of Crimea carmine veins).
Red, crimson and purple
Cosmic melody, Alexandrite, Dawn, Cloud, Bill de Lyon, Ernest Markham, Rouge Cardinal, Yalta sketch, Nikolai Rubtsov ( with a lilac shade), Elegy ( purple-blue), Yubi-Lane-70 ( with lilac shade), Glory, Sunset, Polish Varshavianka ( purple-violet).
Pink
Hope ( with purple stripe in the center), Contessa de Buscho, Dawn, Madame Byron Veyar, Heg-li Chybrid, Tenderness, Lilac star.
Two-color
Nellie Moser, Hope, Barbara Dibley.
As a support, you can also use stunted shrubs( jasmine, forcing, etc.) - However, it is better to prepare a special support for clematis-owls.
A sparse "net" made of capron thread with a cell of 15-20 cm or a wooden or metal "trellis" is usually pulled on the support frame, and the nature of its design is determined by the type for which it will serve as a support. In some species of Clematis varieties, flowers are formed on shoots of past years, so the support for them must be such that their whips can be easily removed and sheltered for the winter. These are, for example, Jeanne d'Arc, Barbara Dibley, Barbara Jacquemey, Lazurstern and Lavsonian. To a dense net of a lash of these grades get confused and to remove them it is almost impossible. And the Anastasia Anisimova or Siza bird species do not fix themselves and require a garter, which should also be taken into account when constructing a support. Clematis also form living flowering carpets, if they are flown horizontally above the ground. You can decorate them with tree trunks, fences, buildings. For this, the most suitable varieties are Nelli Moser, Barbara Dibley and the District.
Some lovers not only create clematis curtains, but also plant them on the alpine hill. However, in this case, they must be carefully monitored, as they are characterized by intensive growth( up to 10-15 cm per day at the stage of rapid growth) and can muffle other plants.
Cultivation and care. Clematis needs loose, fertile, well drained with normal moistening soils. He needs clay or loamy soils with a neutral reaction. In such conditions, the plant most fully manifests its decorative qualities. Clematis is quite demanding on the fertility of the soil, so the pit must be carefully prepared for planting. Plant clematis in the middle zone of Russia in the spring, when the shoots did not start growing or just started growing, can be planted in July-August and September-October, although this is less desirable.
Pits are placed in such a way that they are shaded, and future shoots are illuminated by the sun, then flowering happens without delay. In the planting pits( size 70 x 70 x 70), preliminary make 5-8 kg( 2-3 buckets) of compost, humus, about 50 g. Of granulated superphosphate, a handful of wood ash( per plant).If the soil is acidic, add 50-100 grams of hydrated lime. At the bottom of the pit lay rubble or stones
Clematis planting
Clematis should not be planted directly on the wall of a house or building, as water dripping from a roof during rain damages the sensitive root neck of the plant. Clematis must be planted some distance from the wall, placing the root part of the plant inclined with respect to the support. The clematis pit is made quite spacious, a thick drainage layer is necessarily placed on the bottom, since the roots of the plant can not tolerate blockage, and then the fertilized nutrient soil
is covered with a layer of 10-15 cm as drainage. Clematis like constant and sufficient moisture, but stagnation of water can not stand, therefore, if the soil is heavy, clayey, and the place is not high enough, clematis is planted on a sand mound. To do this, at the bottom of the pit, a pyramid is made from a large sand of such a height that the root of the root lies just on top of it.
The bushes are planted somewhat deeper than they grew before - by 5-8 cm. But one should not plant too deeply: penetration inhibits their growth and can even lead to death. If the soils are not heavy, then the root neck should be buried in young plants no less than 5-10 cm, in older plants - 10-12 cm. After planting, the plants are watered abundantly.
Clematis flowers only with full sunlight shoots. Varieties that bloom early in the summer and form flowers on last year's shoots are planted at the southern, eastern and western walls of houses or outbuildings, and later - only in the southern, otherwise their development is too prolonged. From the wall the bushes should be 40-60 cm apart, and the supporting structure intended for them should be 20-30 cm so that the plants do not overheat from the walls heated by the sun.
You can not plant clematis in the places near the walls of houses and buildings, where it drips from the roof. Constantly falling on the sensitive lobe of the root water causes its decay. Watering clematis should also be around.
Clematis suffer greatly from overheating and drying of the soil. From this they pales color petals, reduces the size of the flower, shortens the flowering period, stops the growth of shoots, so plants must be watered regularly, mulch the grass weed out under them or plant other flowers around. In the year of planting, they are rarely watered, every 7-10 days, not abundantly. The soil around the bushes should always be slightly damp and friable. Clematis grow fast. In May, plants are lengthened per day by 10-15 cm, so they need support from the very beginning of growth. For the development of lianas need to follow, not allowing their intertwining, otherwise the plants bloom worse. Thin and weak shoots are removed from the very bottom. The vine, circumcised in May-June, develops from the pair of upper buds two lateral shoots, which by the end of the summer have time to blossom. Thus, the period of flowering of the bush is prolonged. With timely pruning plants are well branched and form thick bushes.
In large-flowered clematis older than 5 years, as a rule, flowers begin to grow smaller. Most often this is due to a lack of moisture with improper irrigation. Water during irrigation should penetrate to a depth of 60-70 cm, otherwise there is a shortage in the area of active roots.
For a season the plant is fed with full mineral fertilizer, as well as infusion of mullein or bird droppings. Top dressing is carried out 3-4 times: the first - nitrogen fertilizers after the growth of shoots( April-May);the second( July-August) - after a massive flowering and the third( October) - at the end of growth( 20-40 g per 10 liters of water).Clematis is propagated vegetatively in several ways. One of them is division of the bush. They are used in the event that the liana has grown, or if it has to be transplanted to a new location. Share a well-developed healthy bush( aged 4-5 years) in early spring, before shoots begin to grow. The plant is cut so that on each division there are 2-3 kidneys and a sufficient root system. In this case, 2-3 plants are obtained, which blossom in the same year.
A good result is the multiplication of with layers. In June, from the base of the bush make a groove depth of 6-7 cm and a length equal to the length of the shoot, into which the young stem is laid, the top is left outside. Its nodes are covered with light, fertile soil, and the leaves are left outside. As the top of the plant grows, the groove is removed. The earth in it should always be moist. Lapping should be supplemented 2-3 times with infusion of mullein( 1: 10) or chicken manure( 1: 20).By the autumn almost in
Clematis multiplication by
layers. From the base of the clematis bush make a groove 6-7 cm deep and a young long shoot of the plant is laid in it, knots on the stem are sprinkled with light fertile soil, and the leaves are left outside. The soil is constantly maintained in a moist state for better rooting. By the fall of
, rootlets develop from each node, and young shoots are the strongest. Separate young entrenched plants from the mother and transplant to a permanent place can be in the spring
next year
each node forms roots. In the spring of next year, shoots will flow from most of the nodes, but it is not necessary to divide and transplant the young plants until the fall. In the autumn, the layers are separated from the mother plant, separated by rooted knots and planted in place. Most often these plants bloom in the first year. Buds at this time need to pinch. The fastest way of reproduction is cuttings. A good root-forming ability is possessed by short, dense lateral shoots, grown after a strong trimming of a 3-4-year-old bush, but not younger. To cuttings of clematis must be started before flowering begins. Cuttings from flowering shoots get worse.
Cuttings are harvested from the middle part of the shoot, at an altitude of 25-30 cm from the soil, with one knot, 4-5 cm long. The upper cut is made by
. Cuttings of clematis.
. Cuttings of clematis should be started before flowering of the plant. Cuttings are cut in plants no older than 3 years, it is not recommended to take cuttings from blossoming shoots, they tend to get worse
.Cuttings cut from the middle of the shoot,
each of them should have 1 -2 knots and respectively 1 -2 pairs of leaves. Cuttings are planted in a light nutrient substrate, deepening one of the nodes, it is recommended to make a shelter from the film over the cuttings or simply cover it with a glass bank 1 turned upside down to create a moist microclimate of
with a sharp knife as close to the kidney as possible( this will reduce the risk of decay of tissues).Leaves should not be severely cut off. To accelerate the formation of roots, cuttings are treated with growth stimulants, for example, goet-roauxin( 100 g / l water for at least 16 hours).
When planting, they are buried to the nodes in a mixture of coarse sand and a fertile light substrate or sphagnum moss treated with a solution of potassium permanganate( 3-4 g per 10 liters of water).
Lighting should be maximum, shade cuttings only from direct sunlight. Rooting occurs in 50-60 days.
Cuttings must be sprayed and maintained at a temperature of about 20 ° C, on hot days reducing it by airing. For the winter, deep-seated cuttings are carefully concealed, and permanently planted, depending on their development in May or August next year. Clematis, blooming on the shoots of the current year, is prepared for winter as follows. In October, leaving 2 knots from the ground level, pruned all sorts of clematis, blooming on the shoots of the current year, poured over a bucket of humus and cover them. On young plants put the flower pots upside down, and then pour dry leaves with a layer of 20 cm, pressing them with fir branches. Large plants of especially valuable varieties are covered with wooden boxes and covered with the same layer of dry leaves.
Clematis, blossoming on the last year's shoots, also hide. Strong developed shoots are cut at a height of 1 -1.5 m from the ground, leaving 10-15 knots, carefully removed from the supports and, folded in a ring, laid on the ground on a layer of lapnika. Top lapnika is laid, the leaves are covered with a layer of 20 cm and all this is covered with lapnik again. On all shelters should pull the film - it protects the plants from dampness, and lapnik - from mice. In the spring, with the onset of warm weather, shelter is removed, and the bored plants are gradually unraveling.
In severe winters, even a sheltered plant can freeze, but even after freezing, it comparatively quickly repairs the aboveground part, blossoms well, but at a later date.
Diseases and pests. The causative agents of diseases are various kinds of fungi and viruses. Vegetative wilt( wilt) is caused by soil fungus, affects 1-2 summer plants in the first half of summer.
Clematis rearrangement
Clematis well tolerate the winter, but it is recommended to shelter particularly valuable and tender varieties. To do this, it is better to make dry air shelters, since clematis are very susceptible to high humidity and can bleed.
1. Plants blooming on the shoots of the current year, cut off at the level of the second knot from the ground, pour to the root neck of the compost, about 1 bucket for each plant, cover with an upside-down clay flower pot, cover with dry leaves and cover with lagnik.
2. Above the cropped plant, you can make a wooden box, fill it with dried leaves on top and cover it with lapnik. From above it is possible to pull a polyethylene film to protect a shelter from a rain.
3. On bricks placed on both sides of the bush, put a wooden shield, from above pour dry leaves or straw and cover with lapnik. On top, you can pull a plastic film or other protective material to protect the shelter from the rain
One of the shoots of an externally healthy plant suddenly fades, the leaves and tops hang down. Such shoots are cut at the soil level or lower and burned. For the prevention of wilt, it is recommended in autumn and early spring spraying with foundation( 2 g per 10 liters of water) and during the summer, three times spraying the bottom of plants and the soil around them with a solution of Bordeaux liquid. Powdery mildew affects all parts of plants. The simplest and most reliable method of struggle is careful spraying with a solution of calcined salt( South per 10 liters of water).Spraying is performed 3 times in 7 days at the first sign of the lesion.
Different species and varieties of clematis are affected to varying degrees by powdery mildew. There are enough varieties resistant to disease.
Harm the clematis of slugs, nematodes, earwigs, as well as mice. To combat them, pesticides are used, and in the daytime they are collected under shelters( slices of grass, leaves, plaques) and destroyed. The root nematode affects the root system. On the roots, characteristic swells and thickenings( galls) develop, in which larvae develop. Effective measures to combat the nematode yet, prevention consists in a thorough examination of the root system for the presence of thickening and the destruction of diseased plants. The soil is disinfected with chemical preparations( formalin, nemagon, carbathion).