Influence of climate and terrain on plants
Growth of garden plantations is affected by the following components: climatic conditions, terrain, soil and soil properties. When assessing the suitability of the territory in the first place, it is necessary to take into account the agrobiological requirements of garden plants for climatic conditions( Table).
Agrobiological requirements of garden crops for climatic conditions
| Culture | Sum of active temperatures ° C | Duration of vegetation period with t 10 ° C | Damaging winter temperature below 0 ° C | Sum of precipitation per year, mm |
| Apple tree | 1800-2400 | 125-165 | 30-40 | 500-600 |
| Pear | 2200-2600 | 145-180 | 25-30 | 500-600 |
| Cherry | 1400-1700 | 110-115 | 35-40 | 300-400 |
| Plum | 1800-2000 | 130-140 | 30-35 | 300-400 |
| Cherries | 2700-2900 | 160-200 | 25-30 | 500-600 |
| Seabuckthorn | 1900-2000 | 130-150 | 40-50 | 700-750 |
| Gooseberry | 150-1600 | 95-105 | 30-35 | 400-500 |
| Redcurrant red | 1550-1750 | 105-120 | 40-45 | 600-700 |
| Currants black | 1400-1600 | 90-105 | 40-50 | 600-700 |
| Raspberries | 1100-1200 | 70-75 | 30-37 | 700-750 |
| Strawberries | 1700-1900 | 100-115 | 10-15 | 600-700 |
| Resource of the Moscow region | 1880-2100 | 130-135 | 32-35 | 540-620 |
For fruit crops, the best relief is considered to be dissected( alternatingand solutions of slides) providing full drainage of water and air.
On arrays with elevated relief, cold air drains to lower places, accumulating in enclosed depressions. Under the garden are the most suitable sites on the slopes, especially their upper and middle parts. On the slopes, one should expect less frost than in the flat areas, the freezing of garden crops in severe winters, and the danger of spring frosts. In this zone, under all other conditions, the southern, south-western and partly south-eastern exposure of the slopes will be the most successful under the garden. The warmer upper sections of the slope should be occupied by heat-loving breeds, the lowered places are suitable for growing berries.
Knowing the various requirements for the illumination of fruit, berry and vegetable crops, it is possible, in accordance with these features, to correctly place these crops in the garden area. Light-loving crops include: cherry, apricot, cucumber, pepper, tomatoes, peas. Few plants prefer a shadow( ie are shade-loving) - this is black currant, honeysuckle, salad, spinach, horseradish. Most of the crops in the garden and the garden must be classified as shade-tolerant, i.e.they can grow in the shade, but they will not give a big harvest of good quality products.
If the site is located on a clearly defined slope, taking into account the depth of the roots and the height of the trees at the highest point, you need to plant the pear trees, and then lower down the slope to place: plum, apple, cherry, red currant, gooseberry, black currant, sea buckthorn,aronia. Then they will not shade each other on the slope.
As we can see, the climatic conditions of growth have a multifaceted effect on garden plants and the horticulturist should be ready for adverse factors( Table).
Influence of climatic factors on vital activity of garden plants
| Adverse factors of climate and weather | Possible consequences of the action of factors | Gardener's works |
| Spring frosts | Damage to flower buds at -4 ° C, buds at -2-3 ° C, flower pestles -1.5-2 ° C, young ovaries - at -1 ° C | Selection of varieties with different flowering periods, sprinkling and watering during freezing, smoke, shelter with materials |
| Strong winds | Drying of soil and shoots of plants, poor pollination of flowers, branch stems, root damage, crop loss | FROMwaterproofing planting, watering, branching, windbreak construction |
| Summer drought | Delay in shoot growth, leaf drop, fruit and berries melting, winter damage to roots and shoots | Plant watering, weed control, mulching |
| Thunderstorms, showers, hail | Damageflowers, leaves, fruits, branches;flushing of soil | Shelter of plants |
| Dry summer with subsequent precipitation | Secondary growth of shoots, reduction of their winter hardiness and the possibility of winter frost;autumn cracking of the bark | Plant irrigation, rational fertilizer system, prickling of shoot tips |
| Cold wet summer | Delay with the end of shoot growth, freezing of unripe shoots, dying of the bark | Snowing, sprouting shoots( next year) |
| Cold rainy summer with early winter onsetand the establishment of snow cover, warm rainy autumn | Barking and wetting the bark | Arrangement of drainage ditches, treatment of wounds |
| Autumn drought | Winter sweepix shoots | Autumn vlagozaryadkovy watering |
| absence( or little) snow, extreme cold | damage the roots and shoots of freezing of the kidneys | Prigibanie shoots in winter;autumn watering and mulching of soil with peat, leaves, etc.; autumn loosening of the soil;measures for snow retention |
| Warming at the end of winter | Disturbance of rest in plants and freezing of flower buds( especially stone stones) | Watering during planting of flower buds( June-July) |
| Sharp day and night temperature changes in sunny winter-spring days | Solar burnsbark, cracking bark | Whitewashing of boles and skeletal branches in autumn( October-November) and early spring( March), shading snow ash( peat) |