Air mode

For normal growth and development, plants need oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide to form organic matter in the process of photosynthesis. All parts of the plant need to be fully supplied with oxygen: the aerial part of the plant receives oxygen from the atmosphere, where it is contained up to 21 96, and the underground part receives oxygen from the composition of soil air. The aerial part of adult plants does not lack oxygen, but their root system needs it, since oxygen in the soil air is partially absorbed by microorganisms, and its replenishment from air is hampered by soil compaction or crust formation on its surface. Therefore, loosening the soil and destroying the soil crust plays an important role in providing the root system of plants with oxygen.

Oxygen is also vital for seed germination in the soil. Particularly disastrous is its deficiency during the germination of seeds, which often die without forming shoots. The reason for the lack of oxygen in the soil can be its waterlogging, when water displaces air from soil pores. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the soil moistening regime, regularly loosen its upper packed bed and destroy the soil crust formed after irrigation, especially on clay soils.

Mulching with organic materials largely normalizes the gas exchange in the soil and its oxygen saturation, as it prevents condensation of the upper soil layer, the formation of a crust and supports the soil in a moistened, loosened state.

Carbon dioxide is the main source by which plants form their fruits and provide a crop. In the dry matter of plants, an average of 45 % of carbon is contained. However, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is not sufficient for active assimilation and normal flow of plant photosynthesis. An additional source of carbon dioxide is the soil. So, well cultivated garden soil every hour secrete 1-2 g of carbon dioxide per 1 m2 of area. An increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the air is very beneficial for increasing the yield of plants. In conditions of open ground, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air can be increased only by enriching the soil with carbon dioxide.3 soil carbon dioxide is formed as a result of the vital activity of microorganisms that decompose organic matter. Enrichment of the ground layer of air with carbon dioxide is facilitated by loosening the soil and applying organic fertilizers and compost. Loosening the soil increases the flow of oxygen to the roots of plants and microorganisms. This enhances the breathing of the roots and the vital activity of bacteria that decompose organic matter in the soil, resulting in increased release of carbon dioxide from the soil. Plants, thus, are able to absorb carbon dioxide not only from the air, but also from the soil through the root system.

The following is used to enrich the surface air layer with carbon dioxide:

О additional carbon dioxide fertilizer, which improves the growth and development of plants, increases the size and number of leaves, accelerates fruiting;

loosening of the soil;

application of fertilizers( especially organic), which increases the respiration of the roots and the life of bacteria, resulting in increased release of carbon dioxide from the soil.

However, the excess carbon dioxide content in the soil( over 1 %) of adversely affects the development of the root system of plants. When the crust forms on the surface of the soil, which makes gas exchange more difficult, the effect of excess carbon dioxide on the slowly germinating seeds of carrots, parsley, onions and other crops proves to be fatal. This again demonstrates the extreme necessity of applying such a simple agrotechnical care for plants as loosening.

Nitrogen contained in the air can be assimilated only by microorganisms that are found in the soil or in the nodule of roots in legumes or moths( peas, beans, beans), after harvesting, the soil is enriched with its compounds.

In a closed ground environment, gas exchange can also be successfully regulated. In greenhouses, to increase the carbon dioxide content in the air, barrels are filled, filled with a third by a mullein or bird droppings. The remaining volume is filled with water and the contents are mixed 2-3 times a day. When the organic matter is decomposed into the air, a large amount of carbon dioxide will be released, while the pane is closed.

Carbon from the soil accounts for about a quarter of the total amount of carbon dioxide consumed by the plants. Therefore, top dressing of vegetable crops with carbonic acid helps to increase the yield, and in some cases accelerates the flowering of plants, the formation of female flowers, the development of the leaf surface.

In the morning hours in sunny weather, you can lay out briquettes of dry ice at a rate of 10-15 g / m3 of greenhouse.

Aboveground plant organs lack oxygen in hotbeds heated by manure, where the air volume is small, and oxygen is actively consumed for the life of microorganisms that decompose organic substances with the release of thermal energy. To improve the supply of oxygen to the root system, the soil is loosened loosely, irrigation is restricted, along with these methods, ventilation of greenhouses and greenhouses is necessary.