Iris, or mother-in-law
Description and varieties. Iris is a rhizome perennial plant, very fond of florists. Iris on the beauty of the flower, the grace of form and the richness of the colors may well compete with the orchid, and besides it is quite unpretentious in culture. These qualities make it one of the most popular ornamental plants. Irises are also appreciated for the fact that, blossoming, do not lose their decorative qualities due to beautiful foliage. Plants of irises decorate the garden almost the entire season: in spring and autumn, dark green sword leaves, and in June the flowers themselves. Well stand in the cut.
Iris flowers can be truly magnificent, and the richness of colors evokes constant admiration.
The rhizome of iris is located close to the surface, strongly branching and consists of clearly delineated links - annual increments. The leaves are mostly radical, xiphoid or linear, arranged fan-shaped, up to 9 pieces in each link. Peduncles strong, height from 20 to 150 cm with 2-3 small leaves. Peduncles carry from 1 to
7 flowers. Flowers simple, large, from 8 to 15 cm, surprisingly beautiful shape and a variety of colors and forms, collected in branched inflorescences. Perianth consists of 6 parts, 3 of them are bent downward, 3 others are bent and often closed at the top. Flowers live 1-5 days, at the same time flower buds bloom 1-5 flowers. Many types of irises have a pleasant scent. There are 250 kinds of irises and thousands of varieties.
8 floriculture uses about 10 wild species and a variety of hybrids, combined in the form of iris garden, or hybrid Among the wild in the culture the most common are the following species.
Iris plants are distinguished by the types of peduncles: the flower stem with sedentary flowers;
short-stemmed flower spike with slight branches from the main stem;
candelabrum;
is long-branched.
IrisKempfer ( xiphoid) - with perennial rhizomes and annual flower sprouts with a height of 70-90 cm. Leaves are narrow-evident, the flowers are large, purple-violet, the outer lobes have a bright yellow longitudinal strip, the inner halves are smaller than the outer ones and are raised. Blooms in July. This kind of medium-hardy winter, in severe winters can freeze, light-loving, but tolerates a penumbra, it is demanding for moisture in the summer months, the lands for it are suitable for any, garden, but without stagnation of moisture. Propagation by the division of rhizomes and seeds. They are used for planting in flower beds and flowers. Iris Siberian refers to the chaotic irises. The leaves are linear-pointed, dark green, forming a dense bush. Iris Siberian is distinguished by a thin branched rhizome, which allows the plant to form extensive dense sod. The flowers are elegant, monochrome, violet-blue, and have a delicate aroma. Tsvetonos height of 100 cm carries 3-6 flowers. Iris varieties of Siberian white, blue and violet-red are obtained. Blooms from the beginning of June. One of the most resistant and winter-hardy species.
Iris yellow ( marsh) with creeping branchy perennial rhizome. Leaves are wide, more than 100 cm long, peduncles too tall than 100 cm. Flowers large, yellow, internal lobes very small. Blossoms in June-July. It tolerates shading, grows rapidly, and demands moisture. Enough wintering Reproduce by the division of rhizomes and seeds. Applied for the design of the banks of water.
Iris garden, or hybrid, has tens of thousands of varieties, combined into several groups. As a whole, the world selection includes more than 35 thousand highly decorative varieties. Bearded - on outer, to varying degrees, bent segments of the perianth, there are "beards" of numerous hairs. These irises constitute the largest group of varieties. Flowers of the bearded iris are very elegant and decorative, differ in the variety of color and structure. Among them there are varieties with pure white, yellow, blue, pink, blue, purple, brown flowers. Flowers are two-colored, fringed, multicolored - with an iridescent color, etc. Bloom from the end of May for 1 - 1.5 months.
Depending on the height of the peduncle, the irises are divided into four groups:
, undersized to 50 cm;medium height 50-70 cm;high 70-95 cm;- very high
more than 95 cm.
Iris dwarf forms loose, low bushes, 10-20 cm tall. Flowers are yellow or bright violet, located on a low( 5-6 cm) peduncle. This iris blooms in the middle of spring, in mid-May. Seeds ripen in July. Propagated by seeds and division of a bush. Used for curbs and in rockeries.
Irises also differ in terms of flowering. Early varieties of hybrid irises bloom in late May - early June, middle - in early June, late - at the beginning of the second decade of June.
To garden irises are also Siberian iris - hybrids of Siberian iris with other species.
Iris Spooria is a little-spread, but promising group of varieties bred in the 1960s. The flowers have narrower, elegant segments of the perianth, the color is different. Blossom later bearded irises. They are photophilous, wind-resistant, winter- and heat-resistant. Better grow on neutral or even slightly alkaline soils. In arid weather, watering is required. They are transplanted rarely - once every 8-10 years, multiply by the division of rhizomes. Japanese irises - this group includes a wide range of hybrid varieties of iris xiphids originating from Japan. Superbly flowering plants of this group are low-resistant, and therefore they can be grown only in more southern areas with a frosty winter. Several varieties of Russian breeding are grown in St. Petersburg. Irises are planted in groups on lawns, rowers, placed near trees and shrubs, arrange special compositions from different varieties, combining them in height, the timing of flowering and coloring of flowers.
In accordance with the terminology of the international classification of irises, the color of the flower is singled out: one-color( Self), two-tone( Bitone), two-colored( Bicolor), with border on the edge of the petal( Plicata) and iridescent( Blend).
Grades
White
Cleavs of Durf, Christmas Time, Parthenon, Shark Skin, Frost and Flame, Snow White, White Dwarf, Snow Quir, Snow Cross, Schneekoynigin, Bright Byte, Katie, Brilliant StarCrystmas Einjel, Kanchenjunga.
Blue
Cambridge, Mountain Valley Lake ( with a purple hue), Blue Cape, Irgen, Impromptu, Eleonore Pride, Blue Sapphire, Bobbing Brook.
Blue
Taikun, Salem Witch, Helen Mak Kochi, Big League, Bobbing, Lycoris Steen, Sierra Skyes, Lady Ilze.
Purple
Violet, Dolila, Royal Touch, Prince Indigo, Eli-fiens, Black Forresp, Furest Hills, May Love, After, Dark, Senfire, Phosphor Feim, Violet Har-mony, Elegy.
Blue-violet
BristolJem, Maraon Keiper, Rippling Waterers.
Yellow
Butter and Sugar, Gold of Canada, Limelight, Ul-trapaise, Elsa Sass, Autumn near Moscow, Golden Orpheus, Bravado, Cadillac, Southern Comfort, Solid Gold, Ola Calla, Moning Sunlight, Barif, Ugly.
Orange
Pioneer, Juliet, Pink Cameo, Paradise Pink, Lillipinknut, Crete, Heppi Bersdey.
Pink
Marina Raskova, Hope, Pink undersized, Hawaien Breeze, Mei Hall, Pink Talcum, Catherine DeNew, Van Desais, Rose Harmony, I see Al Art.
Red
Kenten Gellant, Brazil, Vita Fire, Heppy Wanderer, Coldren, Solid Mahogheny, Agetaim.
Purple
Amethyst, Flame, Cordett, Weiss Rigel.
Black ( thick dark purple)
Princess Swayze, Curb Black, Black Tethy-
, Black Robe, Sable Knight, Black Hills, Congo, Deep
Black.
Feathered with plaque ( flowers with a wide border of dots and strokes) Dansers Vale, Siwa-Siwa, Bazaar, Stepping Out, Kilt Little, Blue Shimmer, Gay Treasure, Madam Shero, Lady Liding, Golden Filigri.
Two-tone ( the upper and lower petals are painted in different shades of the same color) Golden Elape, Melodrama, Vine and Rose, Queens Taste, Buttercan Bauer, Desert Wind, Lothario, Beng, Golden Ere, Wild Melody, Big Time.
Two-color ( top and bottom petals painted in different colors)
Ark Ebav, Maori King, Broadway Star, Elizabeth Noble, Hemn Collingwood, Margaret, Queens Test, Maylstone, Miss Indiana, Pines of Pen.
Iridescent
Brazil, Rainbow Rum, Waterping Ridge, Royal Teipestri, Five Chif, Champagne Muzick, Lunar Fire.
Many types of irises are designed for planting near water bodies and even directly in water. With their help you can create delightful compositions in oriental style. Irises are also grown for cutting, which should be carried out in the stage of 1-2 half-blown buds.
Description of some varieties of iris
New Snow. Pure white with a yellow beard, large, fragrant, late flowering. At the base of the lower portions of the perianth( n. D.) A slight mottling.
LilacLane. Also one-color - light pink-lilac. High, annually abundantly blooming, fragrant. Gorgeous in planting and cutting.
Mai Hall. Single-color soft pink. Large-flowered, fragrant, medium height.
Dot and Dash. White, each petal has a purple edge along the edge, passing into a solid strip along the edges of the petals. High branching peduncles with 4-5 simultaneously open large flowers. Good at cutting.
Crinoline. Cream, each petal has a wine-red prick, and strokes, which at the edge of the petal become a solid color. Resistant to unfavorable factors, blossoms in the mid-term, good in both gardening and cutting.
Winners Sack. Single-colored iris is dark purple with a white speck under the blue beard. Annually blooms abundantly, has a good reproduction rate. Lethin Laver
. Two-color low casing grade. Upper perianth lobes light pink;the lower ones are dark purple with a light fine border along the edge of the petal. It is very good in planting and cutting, annually blooms abundantly, easily reproduces.
Irish Dream. One-color light lemon-but-yellow variety with a bright yellow beard, very tender and joyful in color. Also universal use.
Merion Maid. Single-color light blue with a slightly purple hue. Very large flowers with wide wavy petals and a yellow beard. Gorgeous in the garden and in the bouquet.
Several principles for the classification of irises are adopted. The above classification included 4 groups of plants, and it was based on a sign of tallness. But there is another classification, based on the height and timing of flowering irises:
- miniature pygmy, the height of the peduncle to 25 cm, with 1-2 flowers;- standard dwarf - 25-37 cm, 2 - 3 flowers;
early-flowering medium-sized - 37-70, flowers with a diameter of 7.5-12.5 cm;
miniature medium-sized - 37-70 cm, flowers 5-7,5 cm in diameter;
curbed late blown - 37-70, flowers with a diameter of 7.5-12.5 cm;
standard high - more than 70 cm, flowers large.
Cultivation and care. Bearded irises are photophilous, but they tolerate sparse shorter shading, and falling into a solid shade cease to bloom. It is recommended to plant irises in a sunny place. Plants are dry-loving, for them a disastrously long overmoistening, it is fairly winter-hardy for the conditions of the middle belt. Many tall and large-flowered varieties are poorly resistant to the wind - flower stalks lodge or even break down, flowers are damaged. Soils prefer light, but rather structural, necessarily well drained, neutral or slightly acidic( pH 5.0-6.0), well-seasoned with phosphorus-potassium, but not supersaturated with organic fertilizers and without fresh manure. Before planting, the area is carefully cleaned of weeds, ash and phosphorus fertilizer( best bone flour) are applied to the soil. It is advisable to lime acid soils. Excavation of the site is carried out at the penetration depth of the roots - 25-30 cm. Irises are multiplied by dividing the bush and segments of rhizomes. Iris is best divided every 3 years. For division and planting, the second half of July, after the flowering of the irises, is most favorable in the central part of Russia. It is possible to carry out the division in the early spring. With a sharp knife, a well developed shrub is divided into several parts, each of which contains a well-developed rosette of leaves. The roots are shortened by half, the old links of the rhizome are removed, and the leaves are cut. Irises, which grow without transplantation for 5-6 years, cease to blossom, as the soil is depleted and compacted, the greatly expanded rhizomes begin to clench each other, intertwine, interfere with the normal growth of the neighboring ones.
Varietal irises are propagated only by segments of rhizomes.
Irises have a rhizome of annually growing links, separated by well-marked bridges. Each link has its own fan of leaves. Rhizome with a sharp knife is cut into separate links, each of which has a bud of renewal. The delicatessen of iris is called a "spatula".The dienes are disinfected for 20 minutes in a strong solution of potassium permanganate, which kills pathogenic organisms and simultaneously stimulates the plant for development. After this, the planting material must be dried for 2-3 days, and it is better to "fry" it in the sun. Sections after division are also recommended to be sprinkled with crushed charcoal.
The "spatula" is planted shallowly, superficially, slightly inclined, so that the bud of renewal is at the level of the soil. The upper part of the rhizome should not be covered with earth. Under winter, with the onset of the first frosts with frost on the soil, the planting is mulched with sand, covered with lapnics or covered with peat by a layer of 10 cm, in spring it is necessarily raked.
Flower buds of irises are laid in the year preceding the flowering in late July - early August in leaf fans of 7-9 leaves. If there are 3-5 leaves in the fan, then the flower buds do not develop and the irises for the next year do not bloom. The reasons for this may be poor care, the presence of diseases, a strong expansion of colonies and crowdedness. In one place irises are grown no more than 5 years.
Powerful bushes develop when planted in a nest of 3-5-year links at a distance of 50-70 cm. The irises are especially lush in the third year. You can not replant plants 6-7 years, if you rejuvenate the 3-4-year-old bush, separating part of the rhizome with the leaves. After planting, the plants are watered. Watering is also desirable during flowering in the evening hours, but flowers should be protected from drops of water. Periodically loosen the soil and remove the weeds. Feed irises with mineral fertilizers 2-3 times per season: first time - at the beginning of growth, the second - at the beginning of budding, the third - 10-15 days after flowering. The first and second fertilizers are nitrogen-potassium: 20-30 grams of ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate per 1 m2 and the same amount of potassium chloride;the third - phosphoric-potassium( 25 superphosphate and potassium chloride).On poor soils, organic fertilizer is applied: before planting 1 - 1.5 buckets of overmanned manure per 1 m2 are digested with soil. Root system
"L Division of rhizomes of irises and planting of
1. Irises are divided in spring before the plant enters the active growth phase or at the end of July-August after flowering. The rhizome is dug from the ground, cleaned and marked out for separation. Usually the fleshy part of the root( rhizome) Separate the
in the thinnest place where the constriction is formed
2. Cut the rhizome with a sharp knife, preferably not on weight, but on a hard surface, long roots are removed.
3. A delenka must have a part of the root of one or more links and one or more fan leaves.
4. A bundle consisting of one link and having one fan of leaves is called a "spatula".
5. The plants are planted shallowly, slightly obliquely, so that the upper part of the rhizome with the bud of renewal is located above the surface of the
surface of the irises, therefore the plants are afraid of increased doses of fertilizers. Top dressing is carried out on wet soil with loosening;in the second half of the summer they are stopped. With the onset of the first frost cut by half the foliage, as when planting. In damp cool years, irises often get sick, so when yellow leaves are cut off. After flowering at the base, a flower spike is broken.
Diseases and pests. The most dangerous disease of irises is bacterial rot of rhizomes. At the affected plants, rhizomes rot, then the base of the leaves. To avoid the defeat of plants with bacteriosis, cut out all affected rhizomes, sterilize the instrument. Purified rhizomes are placed for 20-30 minutes in a solution of potassium permanganate( 2-3 g per 10 liters of water).In sunny weather, the treated rhizomes are kept in the open place for 8-10 hours, periodically turning them over. Effective and summer drying rhizomes, which are carried out after flowering in sunny weather rhizomes cleaned from the earth for 1-2 cm, and fall sprinkled.
In case of heterosporosis on the last leaves of affected plants in the second half of summer small dark brown oblong stains appear, the leaves turn brown, losing decorativeness. In the fight against this disease, it is effective to prune all affected leaves with mandatory burning. A good result is spraying( in July or early August) with Bordeaux liquid. Pests are more resistant to pests than to diseases. The most dangerous are the gladiolus tripe( the leaf loses waxy coating, looks oppressed), butterfly caterpillars of winter and tangent scoop, biting leaves and flower stalks;root tick, earthen fleas, aphid and deer beetle.