Plasmatic lipoids
Plasmatic lipoids are inherited diseases, the common feature of which is a high level of fats( lipoids) in the blood plasma. Another name for these diseases is family hyperlipidemia. Plasma lipoids are divided into 5 types.
Type I hyperlipidemia is characterized by a significant and persistent increase in lipid levels in the blood plasma. The amount of lipids in the blood decreases if a person observes a diet that does not contain fat. The main signs of the disease are paroxysmal abdominal pains, which can be accompanied by fever, while the number of white blood cells( white blood cells) may increase in the blood. A characteristic feature is also an increase in the size of the liver and spleen. With an excessive increase in the total lipids in the blood, xanthomas appear on the skin of the limbs, back and buttocks, which are often surrounded by a reddening zone. If the total lipid content in the blood decreases, xanthomas disappear, leaving a stain of a darker color than the rest of the skin. The deposition of lipids in the area of the passage of the optic nerves can be the cause of the development of blindness in this disease.
Hyperlipidemia type II is largely similar to type I.The difference is that with this type of disease there is a delay in the child's neuropsychological development, the appearance of xanthom is not typical.
Hyperlipidemia of type III is manifested by xanthomatosis and early development of atherosclerosis( deposition of fatty plaques on the inner surface of blood vessels).On the skin of the body, face, limbs, xanthomas can be found, which are also localized in the area of the tendons. Lipid deposits - xanthelasm - are found on the eyelids and cornea of the eyes. The occurrence of lipid formations in the vessels may lead to the early onset of symptoms of angina pectoris and even myocardial infarction. The appearance of fatty plaques on the valves of the heart leads to the development of chronic circulatory insufficiency. In this disease, the intensity of formation of fatty plaques in the walls of blood vessels does not depend on the amount of lipids in the blood. The disease is combined with a hidden or easily flowing diabetes mellitus, which is detected only when carrying out stress tests.
Hyperlipidemia of type IV is very similar to type III.Distinguish these two types of disease is possible only after a biochemical blood test.
Hyperlipidemia of type V is also combined with latent or easily flowing diabetes mellitus. Manifestations of the disease combine the symptoms of types I and III of types of hyperlipidemia. Such manifestations include abdominal pain, xanthomatosis, an increase in liver and spleen size, a tendency to early development of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
All types of lipid metabolism considered are transmitted by an autosomal recessive type of inheritance. Treatment of hyperlipidemia is mainly to observe a diet with a restriction of foods containing animal fats. Such fats are replaced with vegetable oils. Reduction of lipid levels in the blood occurs with the treatment of high doses of nicotinic acid. In III, IV and V types of plasma lipoids, restriction of carbohydrates in food may be necessary, in cases of overt diabetes, insulin is used. A definite positive effect for types I and V of lipoids is achieved by the use of heparin or its analogues. Manifestations of angina pectoris require appropriate treatment: no-shpa, nitroglycerin and other drugs used to treat this disease.
The prognosis is largely determined by the degree and rate of development of atherosclerotic changes in the blood vessels of the heart and brain. The faster the formation of fatty plaques on the inner surface of the vessels, the worse the prognosis, and vice versa.