Physical education

The founders of scientific communism Marx and Engels rightly believed that physical education is an integral part of the all-round preparation of the proletariat for the revolutionary struggle, repeatedly stressed the need for regular hardening of the child's organism from the very first years of life or, at least, from the early school age. Timely begun physical education F. Engels considered the foundation, the foundation of good physical preparation for each young man."Is it not better to systematically and thoroughly teach free gymnastics and exercises on gymnastic shells of students of all classes," he wrote, "while their members have not yet lost their elasticity and flexibility, rather than fight, as they do now, over twenty guys in the sweat of their faces- and his own, - trying in vain to return their former mobility and flexibility to their bones, muscles and ligaments, hardened from work? »

The benefits of physical culture and sports are well known - it is confirmed by people of different ages and professions. It seems that one should hardly bring their thoughts here. It's clear to everyone that health, as people say, is all about the head. And the words "sport" and "health" are inseparable from each other. The only thing I would like to add is that physical activity develops not only strength, agility, flexibility, endurance, quickness. Thanks to her, the character of a person acquires courage and self-control, determination and will. These features, whose role in life is truly great, especially for the children. Let us cite for illustration the results of a study of a group of Leningrad psychologists.

At the same time, in three general schools, students of the fifth - eighth grades were asked to answer the same question: what kind of people they like, what do they consider the most valuable for themselves? In the overwhelming majority of adolescents, first and foremost students, among the positive qualities in the first place put forward volitional - determination, courage, the ability to persistently achieve the cherished goal, overcome difficulties.

To a certain extent, the questionnaire narrowly focused, but affecting many schoolchildren, clearly revealed the ideal that young people want to imitate. That's why, in our opinion, the guys are willingly engaged in self-education - they hope to develop a will in the end. Will and once again will! Apparently, they intuitively feel: in their years it is necessary to be more resolute, firmer.

And imagine, this corresponds to the truth. Let's take a closer look at the behavior of our own son, his schoolmates. Very soon it will be found out: adolescents( and younger age, and high school students) are often unorganized, easily pass before difficulties, relatively quickly succumb to someone else's influence, although it would seem that they had their own opinion on any issue yesterday.

We, of course, do not deny that not all teenagers are the same - some guys have a good willed start. However, we repeat, it is inherent only in a few children. The main mass of their peers volitional processes are rather weakly expressed. And here even accelerations do not improve the situation, which is now being used to refer to here and now. On the contrary, with accelerated physical and to a certain extent, mental development, the adolescents' lag behind in strong-willed temper is more noticeable. It is not for nothing that boys sometimes try to acquire it with techniques that can hardly be accepted: they try to tolerate deliberately hurt themselves, go barefoot on the snow, go on hunger strikes, etc.

It's time to intervene with us, parents. Tactfully advise: is it not better to introduce into your daily routine a mandatory set of physical exercises, special training? In order to better understand their importance, the need, let's at least fragmentarily get acquainted with the statistical data.

The results of the studies of hygienists and physiologists are by no means optimistic: only about 70 percent of schoolchildren are healthy at the moment. The remaining children are observed some deviations from the norm. The picture in the field of physical development is even more unattractive: more than 70 percent of boys and girls in cities suffer from hypodynamia, that is, they have painful or painful functional changes.

Unfortunately, this trend is growing. If in the first half of the 1970s the number of schoolchildren with overweight reached 12 percent, in 1986 they became 20-22 percent. A weight gain against the norm of 15 percent entails a number of functional changes. In particular, the activity and efficiency of the central nervous system decreases. Every fifth pupil of the 7th-8th grades is overworked.

Sluggishness also affects the eyesight. Almost every high school graduate has reduced visual acuity. The main reason is a miobia, weakening of the eye muscles, which, in turn, is related to the general condition. For physically strong, healthy children, as a rule, lack of vision is almost not typical.

Employees of the Helmholtz Institute conducted research in the Far North, where visual impairment is especially common. It turned out that not everything depends on the climate, on the duration of daylight hours. In schools with properly organized physical education, the specific weight of the pathology of vision is much smaller. Experts advised broader use of school grounds, gyms, more often arrange sports and military sports games in the air, reduce the notorious "rest" at the TV.

The last recommendation, you must agree, does not apply to the school at all. Before our eyes, the TV literally chases the guys. So, here the main word is for us, parents: uncontrolled sitting in front of the television screen for hours on end causes the child only harm. Dear fathers and mothers, try to get your son or daughter involved in some interesting occupation, taking into account, of course, their individual inclinations!

And with what, actually, does physical development begin? Suppose you do not seem to be a commonplace habitual for hearing a response: with physical exercises. No wonder the experts are unanimous in their opinion about the mandatory morning hygienic gymnastics. And in any weather - in the fresh air. Then tempering the body organically combines with the strengthening of strong-willed qualities. Let's say it's cool outside, you want to soak in the warm bed. But you need to overcome yourself, get up, dress quickly, run out into the street. After 20-30 minutes you return home cheerful, cheerful, with a blush on your cheeks. And so day after day.

Sometimes we completely lose sight of the fact that it is not unimportant for a child when he will become attached to physical culture and sports. It is necessary to delay a little, and much will be irretrievably lost. Speed ​​or agility, for example, optimally grow to 12-13 years. Subsequently, our children simply can not achieve what they are able to acquire, if not miss a favorable moment. Systematically to develop strength, endurance experienced methodologists advise with good reason at the age of 14-16, although gradually to form these qualities it is necessary, of course, much earlier - in the process of games, exciting activities, etc.

When organizing the training of children, it is important to carefully select exercises. Since each of them develops several physical qualities at once, we must first determine their primary focus on improving one or another feature. Relevant recommendations can be found in the books of IL Dudarev and I. I, Putivlsky "Train yourself"( Kiev, 1986), SA Polievsky, EP Guk "Physical culture and tempering in the family"( Moscow, 1984).).

How does power accumulate? The most common practice is the re-lifting of gravity, as well as the so-called dynamic force method, which requires jumping and jumping movements. Calm, voluminous, by definition of coaches, classes are very effective for the growth of muscle tissue. The children improve metabolism.

And one more thing: force exercises should be included at the end of the main part of each session.

For the development of strength are very useful, of course, dumbbells. Primarily, their mass should be equal to 50 percent of the optimal mass( the optimal one is taken that can be raised without special stress 8-10 times).During the training, many children increase their weight to eighty percent of the optimum, they try to raise such dumbbells 4-6 times, sometimes even 8 times.

Exercises that develop speed are usually performed in series and usually at the beginning of the session. Intervals between repetitions of exercises are determined in each case individually, so that to restore the children's performance.

In recent years, a lot of special literature has appeared, from which it is possible to choose a set of exercises for almost all ages. Therefore, we do not set out any complexes here. We will express only a few thoughts.

Let's start, perhaps, with the education of endurance. Who among us did not feel white envy For people who can work for a long time without getting tired? To special exercises designed to form, consolidate such skills, your son is best to start with 16 years. Why? It is known that any long-term work requires significant energy costs, but in children they are used to ensure the growth of the body. Therefore, for adolescents under 16 years, the volume of loads by which endurance develops is not very large.

We will name approximate exercises that promote the acquisition of endurance( in complex trainings it is desirable to perform them at the end of the main part of the lesson):

walking at an average pace;

long walking and running at a slow pace;

cross-country running at variable tempo( 300-1000 meters);

skiing at a slow, medium and variable pace( depending on age);

rowing, skating, biking;

sports games.

If physical culture and sports, we noted above, are part of the everyday life of the family, our children become not only fast, strong, hardy, but also agile, flexible. To develop dexterity and flexibility, a small number of exercises are used, selected, of course, taking into account the preparedness of the child. But the whole feature is that they have to be repeated often every day, best in the morning exercises.

Exemplary exercises for the development of agility( speed of movements combined with their accuracy): juggling with tennis balls;all kinds of somersaults( back and forth in the grouping, sideways);

jumping rope( on one, two legs, with the crossing of hands in front);outdoor games;

sports games( volleyball, basketball, football, table tennis).

Exemplary exercises for the development of flexibility:

from standing position( sitting) leaning forward, legs not bending;the same with burdening;

in different positions of lunge( forward, backward, aside) stretching in the knee and hip joints;the same with burdening;

from the prone position to make a "bridge";Flapping movements with your feet( forward, backward, to the side) with maximum amplitude;

sitting on his heels, bend back, trying to touch the head of the floor.

Each training session, or rather, each lesson organized for children, should approximate the form of physical training: include three parts with a total duration of 20 to 60 minutes.

1. Preparatory part lasts 6-15 minutes. Its goal - warm-up, special exercises, walking, easy jogging to prepare the body for the upcoming physical exertion.

2. The main part( 12-40 minutes) combines exercises that directly develop the necessary physical qualities.

3. The final part takes the minimum time: from 2 to 5 minutes, during which the body is brought into a relatively calm state. As a rule, slow walking with breathing exercises, relaxing movements, etc. are used.